tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15806298448930145922024-03-16T18:21:06.436-06:00CSMS GEOLOGY POSTWELCOME TO MIKE'S CABINET OF NATURAL CURIOSITIES "WHERE ONE MAN IS STILL TRYING TO FIND ANSWERS TO LIFE'S PERSISTENT QUESTIONS" (AS IS GUY NOIR, PRIVATE EYE). However, if you don't want to submit comments on line, send questions or comments to csrockboy AT yahoo DOT com. I will answer.
BUT SEND ME AN EMAIL IF YOU DON'T WANT TO SIGN UP.
SEE THE JANUARY 26th POSTING FOR A LIST OF ALL BLOG POSTINGS.
Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.comBlogger511125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-88328964911125193752024-03-16T17:48:00.001-06:002024-03-16T18:20:33.203-06:00CSMS UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH GRANTS<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">After a pause in the CSMS student research awards due to "pandemic problems," the Society is pleased to announce the 2024 program is up and running. These awards are to encourage and support original research by undergraduate students. Please see the application below. Questions may be addressed to Mike Nelson at csrockguy@yahoo.com</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2024
COLORADO SPRINGS MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH GRANTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Committee
Chair:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr. Michael Nelson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">csrockguy@yahoo.com<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The primary goal of the Colorado Springs Mineralogical
Society (CSMS)) Student Research Grant Program is to promote and support
original research on Colorado geology by <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">undergraduate
students</b>. The grant program does not seek to cover all of the researcher's
expenses but instead should be viewed as a professional endorsement of the
research endeavor. Requests for grants are judged on how well the proposed
research will advance the science of geology and its related branches <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">within the State of Colorado</b>. Since the
grant program budget is not anticipated to be large enough to fund every research
proposal, the grants will be awarded on a competitive basis. The policy for
applying for and awarding grants is outlined below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eligibility</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Undergraduate students who are undertaking <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">original
research projects on Colorado geology</b> are eligible to apply for CSMS research
grants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CSMS research grant applicants
need not be members of the Colorado Springs Mineralogical Society. Undergraduate
students must be currently enrolled in a <b>Colorado degree-granting
institution</b> and their research must be part of a degree program (an
academic course granting credit and a grade). Institutions may not request that
overhead costs be added to budgets. <b>The Colorado Springs Mineralogical Society
strongly encourages women, minorities, and people with disabilities to
participate fully in this research grant program.</b> The research proposals
will be evaluated on the basis of the feasibility and scientific merit of the
project, the abilities of the researcher, and the reasonableness of the budget.
Students are eligible for only one CSMS Student Research Grant per degree
pursued.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Research Grant Guidelines</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Individual grants will not ordinarily exceed $700, although a higher sum may be
awarded based on merit and number of grant applications received. One
confidential letter of recommendation from the student’s research advisor is
required for each grant applicant. This letter should be either sent directly
to the Committee Chair via Email (csrockguy@yahoo.com) to preserve
confidentiality.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Due to different schedules at different institutions,
research should be scheduled to begin within 4 months of the grant award
(anticipated by early May). For 2024, CSMS anticipates that research will begin
during summer 2024.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rules for the Use of CSMS Research Grant
Funds</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Grants are to be used for expenses directly associated with the research
proposed. For example, research funds may be used for field expenses (travel, some
meals, lodging), materials and supplies (sample bags, base maps, air photos,
film and developing costs, etc.). Travel to professional meetings will not be
funded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CSMS will not fund research by
undergraduate students that relates directly to a thesis or dissertation by a
graduate student.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Funds requested for equipment, computer time and
software, thin-sections, chemical and isotopic analyses, and the purchase of
services must be fully justified. Research grants may not be used for salaries
or tuition. Upon completion of the research, equipment and materials purchased
with a CSMS research grant become the property of the department in which the
student is enrolled and are expected to be available to help additional
students with their research.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Responsibilities of Recipients</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Grant recipients are encouraged to present their results at professional
meetings as well as to publish them. In both cases, support by the CSMS should
be acknowledged. Recipients who cannot undertake or complete their project must
return any unused funds along with a written explanation of expenses incurred.
Grants may be subject to tax by the IRS and the grant recipient and advisor are
responsible for determining this point. <b>Within 1 year of receiving their
grant, all CSMS research grant recipients are expected to 1) submit a written report
documenting <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>results of their research;
the Society prefers that the grant recipient submit a short article for
publication in the CSMS Pick & Pack (a newsletter; see </b></span><a href="http://www.csms.us)/"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">www.csms1936.com)</span></b></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Applications</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <br />
A research grant application follows. The Research Grant Committee of the CSMS will
review each application. The decisions of this committee are final.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">COLORADO
SPRINGS MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Student
Research Grant Program Application<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Please follow the format below and submit a signed
application <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">postmarked</i> (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">email attachment</b>) by the 2024 deadline:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">APRIL
28<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Name
of Applicant:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Temporary Address: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Permanent Address:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E-mail:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Telephone numbers and hours that are best to reach
you:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>College/University
enrolled:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Expected
degree completion date:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Project
supervisor and address:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Email:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Project
title:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Statement
of problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Please include in your
statement how this work will further our understanding of Colorado
Geology.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Concisely
state how you plan to accomplish your investigation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Give a
brief bibliography of the most important papers related to your proposed
research (no more than five).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Duration
of investigation (dates):<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Budget:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Budget
justification:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Other
support for this project, both applied for and received.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For support applied for, include dates you
expect to know outcome:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sign
(electronic signature is valid) and date the submittal:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></u><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Signature<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Date<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Please send completed application, via Email
attachment to: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">csrockguy@yahoo,com</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-32619559920116250772024-03-10T17:24:00.000-06:002024-03-10T17:24:27.890-06:00TUCSON 24: MICROMOUNTING<div><p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">On Friday morning, February 6, I had the opportunity
to attend The Arthur Roe Memorial Micromount Symposium held in the Tucson
Convention Center and part of the Main Show. Roe’s interest in micromounts was
developed during his early interactions with Lazard Cahn and the Colorado
Springs micromount group (precursor to CSMS). Later in life Roe was
instrumental in organizing the micromount symposium at the Tucson Show and,
after his death in 1993, the annual event was renamed in his honor. Roe also was
an early inductee into the Micromounters Hall of Fame. Roe’s son Nick
introduced the Symposium and announced that the University of Arizona Alfie
Norville Gem and Mineral Museum had received a donation of over 9,500
micromounts collected by Arthur “Art” Roe, along with a $1.6 million endowment
for conservation and education, all from the family of Dr. Roe and his wife,
Barbara. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCqzbGSDDup1Sl2SB2QCuEkYna1nwqYbJZUEAHmaSySLCGx2oUGP4McXrcCd97MMnA8XXKRsaZKQdI6zKdIjIpjWpaFkclze6V_mETwa8LtH6u5TeA6XWS8aRsTpX4kfBnvRGqUUqCcd9y1Fvvj-WSi1Te9MZKQTclO_8sSy_53ryvRlvtwzIFjGtkYtlH/s1080/micro1Roe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCqzbGSDDup1Sl2SB2QCuEkYna1nwqYbJZUEAHmaSySLCGx2oUGP4McXrcCd97MMnA8XXKRsaZKQdI6zKdIjIpjWpaFkclze6V_mETwa8LtH6u5TeA6XWS8aRsTpX4kfBnvRGqUUqCcd9y1Fvvj-WSi1Te9MZKQTclO_8sSy_53ryvRlvtwzIFjGtkYtlH/s320/micro1Roe.jpg" width="180" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Arthur Roe.</span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />Alfredo Petrov led off the Symposium presentations
with a fantastic description of collecting microminerals from the flanks and inner
workings of volcanoes: <i>Volcanic Fumarole Minerals in Japan.</i> I mean he
was stomping around in a gas mask and insulated hazmat suits to collect in the
dangerous sulfur steam (and who knows what else) fuming from these vents.
Personally, I prefer my volcanoes dead before hunting for minerals.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_11cnFUyVZ1zZ1n4HFuj0BSrv7c7cZJL5O2XlzykjN7e9n8FZ2baB_cXRf1iFWMPUyJ-LxWRA-Bl6gN6YA8vFpi1epopAJLxlxoKT7YnHoatQWltLxrxfexaJAafklS0rNr7dDdfjupaGFUETfiu3zEb7je3mH1T2-eRV3cFhaEIPIP1v3i6M3FGqR1fj/s1080/micro1Alfred.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_11cnFUyVZ1zZ1n4HFuj0BSrv7c7cZJL5O2XlzykjN7e9n8FZ2baB_cXRf1iFWMPUyJ-LxWRA-Bl6gN6YA8vFpi1epopAJLxlxoKT7YnHoatQWltLxrxfexaJAafklS0rNr7dDdfjupaGFUETfiu3zEb7je3mH1T2-eRV3cFhaEIPIP1v3i6M3FGqR1fj/s320/micro1Alfred.jpg" width="180" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Alfredo Petrov.</span><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">John Rakovan is one of the better-known mineralogists
in the U.S. (and probably the world). After a distinguished career in “mineralogy
and crystal chemistry” at Miami University (Ohio), New Mexico Tech pulled a
real coup in 2022 and lured him to Socorro as State Mineralogist and Senior
Mineral Museum Curator (a position formally held by Virgil Lueth). Tech is home
to the well-known New Mexico Mineral Symposium held each November (Nov. 1-3,
2024). I first “knew about” Rakovan due to his regular contributions to <i>Rocks
and Minerals</i> magazine, an international, bimonthly publication for mineral
enthusiasts and professionals. For the last 23 years he has also served as the
magazine’s executive editor.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGev4pAcBSw4zHqgJgdsPcU2MGHCWyPg2QDKHLdbjuwUn6lyIu_yYVa55QDqszZRVQ7I0eKCWGa14bZLmk5GBUAGVlUa_nYOqWh1SVh5RuPzznFVIk1lb6eHL4PD3Q3wUi4p5oWmSK9kCl_R8M9OcWGfLgAnFaGXP60E8NqxWmZfS0OSzlxN-AGzVejaD7/s1080/micro1Rak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGev4pAcBSw4zHqgJgdsPcU2MGHCWyPg2QDKHLdbjuwUn6lyIu_yYVa55QDqszZRVQ7I0eKCWGa14bZLmk5GBUAGVlUa_nYOqWh1SVh5RuPzznFVIk1lb6eHL4PD3Q3wUi4p5oWmSK9kCl_R8M9OcWGfLgAnFaGXP60E8NqxWmZfS0OSzlxN-AGzVejaD7/s320/micro1Rak.jpg" width="180" /></a></div><p></p>
<br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;">John Rakovan.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Rakovan’s presentation entitled <i>Mosaic and Split Crystals</i>
was, to say the least, fascinating. My two thoughts about the talk: 1) I might
have had a better understanding of mineral crystallography if Dr. Rakovan had
been my mineralogy instructor; and 2) the presentation reminded me of why I
became a soft rocker and paleontologist! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Vandall King was not physically present at the Symposium
but with the wonders of technology presented on <i>Granite Pegmatites of the
Northeast USA---</i> complete with fantastic photos of pegmatite minerals. King
has served in a variety of positions, in fact a big variety, in the mineral
world but may be best known for his volumes describing minerals of Maine (among
his 250 peer-revied publications. He also discovered the minerals perhamite,
mccrillisite, perloffite, mangangordonite, and gainesite.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2444YASzZuJf6Rv_iyc6jW9aPcP_SqmPR50xV34-VZXAmqx8DP5Jc-jsTXPLZTmxof6zkv0R8DC4e5j0i9V4Gd09_Eckd5ai-H8TnBnk1KibJfJtCN9o-_9bmzoxuxGH3gaJ5-2Fa0gsDtshZQDSSxVGVcWrqxFBghxnGqKZW5MzsC13ZwviOOJ-a_GpN/s1080/microroom2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2444YASzZuJf6Rv_iyc6jW9aPcP_SqmPR50xV34-VZXAmqx8DP5Jc-jsTXPLZTmxof6zkv0R8DC4e5j0i9V4Gd09_Eckd5ai-H8TnBnk1KibJfJtCN9o-_9bmzoxuxGH3gaJ5-2Fa0gsDtshZQDSSxVGVcWrqxFBghxnGqKZW5MzsC13ZwviOOJ-a_GpN/s320/microroom2.jpg" width="320" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3OgNCdwj4tOG66EK-UJDZHd8nUmCgjcZuwDRf27fnNqEGAgollz7vJ5ABltZbuNSOUhlrTEdcpYOjpJ99AhpZaRaoi8TmfHcV8nvE0USs9qDhAb0a2HbKsOywD7sgxlHvXTrZANqV6enxC1IkYSMnaQOxckH0Vx4ZVxS_rMVUQfDRQHBP4Hx4NxJhcWlO/s1080/microroom111.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3OgNCdwj4tOG66EK-UJDZHd8nUmCgjcZuwDRf27fnNqEGAgollz7vJ5ABltZbuNSOUhlrTEdcpYOjpJ99AhpZaRaoi8TmfHcV8nvE0USs9qDhAb0a2HbKsOywD7sgxlHvXTrZANqV6enxC1IkYSMnaQOxckH0Vx4ZVxS_rMVUQfDRQHBP4Hx4NxJhcWlO/s320/microroom111.jpg" width="180" /></a></div><ul><li><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The micromounters room overlooking the Main Show ballroom.</span><br /></li></ul></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Tucson micromounters also have a room dedicated to
their scopes and minerals. In other words, micromounters can sit and chat and
look at specimens “all day long.” Micromounters also have the reputation for
bringing along flats of specimens (rocks with micro minerals present) for the freebie
table. I spent a few hours during two different days in the room trying to
learn—everyone is super friendly. I was also able to “collect” from the
overflowing flats several specimens that hopefully I can prepare and contribute
information to my Blog (listed below).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bawana Mine, Beaver County, Utah</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Type
Locality Whelanite </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cu<sub>2</sub>Ca<sub>6</sub>[Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>17</sub>(OH)](CO<sub>3</sub>)(OH)<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><sub></sub></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwLMExgeHImVL1yQsoswEHspshjxeuSuagypoaxeu_L2w1RX5LvEXiksViaPz0PwFvK8q_ZANB-tG2_uIRFeyMNezfrI_lHYAkT1TXRG-QiCbiFWxZvgQBLdvkZMkpIo7JVbuGDC99DaxwKqKkT0nmAfnZCmSfr9cYO-sMPZgSU7SX6YEgsuZrFhVu-_Ru/s640/wheel1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwLMExgeHImVL1yQsoswEHspshjxeuSuagypoaxeu_L2w1RX5LvEXiksViaPz0PwFvK8q_ZANB-tG2_uIRFeyMNezfrI_lHYAkT1TXRG-QiCbiFWxZvgQBLdvkZMkpIo7JVbuGDC99DaxwKqKkT0nmAfnZCmSfr9cYO-sMPZgSU7SX6YEgsuZrFhVu-_Ru/s320/wheel1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPRCNjfhGuaOtDREmHvxK3fg8Mf9qHXmKP1Pg2WGmsJoCxC5yznjip7DfMaZ-_M_0YOAdjwQieI_Vo9MBUBeRpPz6v6NG2cLZhXLFNM-gd2TkuKSJ60KVuuTG-znjNnMbHmjqxJHd4sk2sTA9XvyCbI9vPX0lBE1u2Bp5zN5vypa_nw9NqZ0Sae6urGa-2/s640/wheel4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPRCNjfhGuaOtDREmHvxK3fg8Mf9qHXmKP1Pg2WGmsJoCxC5yznjip7DfMaZ-_M_0YOAdjwQieI_Vo9MBUBeRpPz6v6NG2cLZhXLFNM-gd2TkuKSJ60KVuuTG-znjNnMbHmjqxJHd4sk2sTA9XvyCbI9vPX0lBE1u2Bp5zN5vypa_nw9NqZ0Sae6urGa-2/s320/wheel4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Sprays of clear and blue whelenite, Bawana Mine. Width FOV ~6mm.<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><sub></sub></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dulcinea de Liampos Mine, Copiapo Province,
Chile</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dioptase:
CuSiO<sub>3</sub> · H<sub>2</sub>O</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">East Grants Ridge, Cibola County,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arizona</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Topaz:</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Noto Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)(F,OH)<sub>2</sub>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Spessartine:
Mn<sup>2+</sup><sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">??</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Byssolite
(actinolite): Ca<sub>2</sub>(Mg<sub>4.5-2.5</sub>Fe<sub>0.5-2.5</sub>)Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Wheal Phoenix, Cornwall, UK</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Chalcosiderite:
CuFe<sup>3+</sup><sub>6</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub> ·
4H<sub>2</sub>O</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lake Pleasant, Maricopa County, Arizona</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ferrierite-Na?:
(Na,K)<sub>5</sub>(Si<sub>31</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>)O<sub>72</sub> · 18H<sub>2</sub>O</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hummingbird Springs, Maricopa, Arizona</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Maricopaite
(Type Locality): Pb<sub>7</sub>Ca<sub>2</sub>(Si,Al)<sub>48</sub>O<sub>100</sub> ·
32H<sub>2</sub>O</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cave Springs, Esmeralda County, Nevada</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Searlesite:</span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Noto Sans",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Na(H<sub>2</sub>BSi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Gold Hill, Tooele County, Utah</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Austinite
(Type Locality): CaZn(AsO<sub>4</sub>)(OH)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCtDUl2ae8ip54LaQYUTsK6iVOvPqZuC57Ks0RnOiBv-iJblfRIRXxabBV47Aa1MHhWREgg_zNu1BMDir8sbHLRvfO37LzLSO-9kyxRnooyIVVh0SxTjZ2r63AmGDWh6er2TkDXhZT-I-f3CqDpfYmO6Cz8d1D5zMasBZL1XldKnU7efvjtzyjub9o8qMJ/s640/adamite1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCtDUl2ae8ip54LaQYUTsK6iVOvPqZuC57Ks0RnOiBv-iJblfRIRXxabBV47Aa1MHhWREgg_zNu1BMDir8sbHLRvfO37LzLSO-9kyxRnooyIVVh0SxTjZ2r63AmGDWh6er2TkDXhZT-I-f3CqDpfYmO6Cz8d1D5zMasBZL1XldKnU7efvjtzyjub9o8qMJ/s320/adamite1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Austinite, Width FOV ~4 mm.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Potosi Mine, Mineral County, Nevada</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Scorodite:
Fe<sup>3+</sup>AsO<sub>4</sub> · 2H<sub>2</sub>O and other minerals</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dry Hill Mine, Cumbria, UK</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Campylite,
var. of Mimetite: Pb<sub>5</sub>(AsO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Cl</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lovelock Mine, Churchill County, Nevada</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You
call it</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mohawk Mine<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">(which one)</span></p>
Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-43814939073021287572024-02-29T15:51:00.001-07:002024-02-29T15:51:17.333-07:00TUCSON 24 MAIN SHOW<p> </p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Pegmatites—Crystals
Big and Beautiful<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXTKyW6FxW1SEtyHC3MVjpzNOUIPWsV0_16hYDMZEXgD6rONIdFoWMXkks5gbSr8LPbgpAJFaU8_ney7V02mT5_TzWCke12XhZfFZC9Emg9Tq1uHWLTZf0KSPdVRxPL3XIBC66PMnePDGMk5H7mIp68-icfmatCglXgYDn0s-xd8QR_CPZCa5bGcf-fwiM/s1080/main1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXTKyW6FxW1SEtyHC3MVjpzNOUIPWsV0_16hYDMZEXgD6rONIdFoWMXkks5gbSr8LPbgpAJFaU8_ney7V02mT5_TzWCke12XhZfFZC9Emg9Tq1uHWLTZf0KSPdVRxPL3XIBC66PMnePDGMk5H7mIp68-icfmatCglXgYDn0s-xd8QR_CPZCa5bGcf-fwiM/w501-h282/main1.jpg" width="501" /></a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Well, the big day finally arrived on February 8<sup>th</sup> at
the Tucson Convention Center—<i>the largest, oldest and most prestigious gem
and mineral show in the world. The Tucson Gem and Mineral Show has enjoyed
international status since the 1970s and was the first gem and mineral show to
bring the hobby enthusiast, the public, and the curator/professional together
for discovery and discussion.</i> Thousands of spectators ranging from
local school attendees to international visitors line up each day to get their
”ticket punched” ($13) and head inside. The first day there is always a rush to
get down the stairs and push into the main showroom. Perhaps they want to visit
a special dealer—I don’t know; however, I try and stay out of their way! I was
able to count around 200 vendors, most in the main ballroom upstairs, but a few
gem merchants were in a small ballroom upstairs. food trucks were lined up outside
in a private area and the nearby outside lots charged $10 to park. These nearby
lots could not handle all of the visitors.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The theme for the 69<sup>th</sup> show was
“Pegmatites—Crystals Big and Beautiful” and allowed a large slate of symposium
speakers throughout the four days of the Show. I was able to listen, off and
on, to speakers throughout the Show but was very interested in the Saturday
Symposium sponsored by the organization Friends of Mineralogy (of which I am a
member). I learned much! <o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXq_-35HG0Nd3UE58V35w_6Be7PpRI5R9KfnLg59Vo9OpBmqlNIPVjpFltcwwyc5w0scrCcfCvSlTH0GTceZUnyWOVsQlCGPj-mUzDLcCfAhEgWJbAhUWxHx-2d4DQHfplx08UzSeAw4tDgd_bG5WFvxwvWx_-RmyIrYBZkOWX0xEhyouGqoKsKTf8pYh1/s904/tucson24.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="904" data-original-width="829" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXq_-35HG0Nd3UE58V35w_6Be7PpRI5R9KfnLg59Vo9OpBmqlNIPVjpFltcwwyc5w0scrCcfCvSlTH0GTceZUnyWOVsQlCGPj-mUzDLcCfAhEgWJbAhUWxHx-2d4DQHfplx08UzSeAw4tDgd_bG5WFvxwvWx_-RmyIrYBZkOWX0xEhyouGqoKsKTf8pYh1/w460-h502/tucson24.jpg" width="460" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChioaqVY1N1HE1BeDUrQiT6ZILL0VRYdLcq2OBCyWF_Pa0qBsyNLgXlbcKbM_LtJEdoRtoLFpyvC377qiMIRWRyzx-2S8p8236aB2gWYpx8Fua2XzYk3TeLlhHmKp0z7pmKk75Ed03Nq_gX2PGbTY3dWKuYzwN3vOxpZSdOMzlxFZH-49fzjwegnqfUdt/s1080/main2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChioaqVY1N1HE1BeDUrQiT6ZILL0VRYdLcq2OBCyWF_Pa0qBsyNLgXlbcKbM_LtJEdoRtoLFpyvC377qiMIRWRyzx-2S8p8236aB2gWYpx8Fua2XzYk3TeLlhHmKp0z7pmKk75Ed03Nq_gX2PGbTY3dWKuYzwN3vOxpZSdOMzlxFZH-49fzjwegnqfUdt/w475-h267/main2.jpg" width="475" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is always nice to see a Joe Dorris amazonite from their Smoky Hawk Claim. </span></span><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp4sSTQF47v9wo11F9nqK8AF8Paiy69L1ISy7_0Bl1uQOYA0ogr5sF3O6xP59XuJd4pW4pMuPEc9_R9chL-oTYmITMZxQI1JgcXIikEO13Sp_GcIb-QDl9P6cpJwu9Q6MDImzbvF1CvR5cy01GGBGg7HRALmG_ovh2rsiNnJfBa2jckoXNBzkkR1MSXy9C/s1080/main3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="539" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp4sSTQF47v9wo11F9nqK8AF8Paiy69L1ISy7_0Bl1uQOYA0ogr5sF3O6xP59XuJd4pW4pMuPEc9_R9chL-oTYmITMZxQI1JgcXIikEO13Sp_GcIb-QDl9P6cpJwu9Q6MDImzbvF1CvR5cy01GGBGg7HRALmG_ovh2rsiNnJfBa2jckoXNBzkkR1MSXy9C/w303-h539/main3.jpg" width="303" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">I am always amazed at the carving skills 0f a few artistic rockhounds. </span><br /></span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCcsiPz3l5tpULNyDaQ6l1UUP2m6JqRZGD_prKI1pFWg_B_XNh1uOkcHdtG_LhWVPZ7YxpgUdchYjfcISDx2wwfGXfvgy1jLLq7DkaSbrVzX7zbl0s_c27Ziv4vCxHhBdc3pevY5qwiiIr3BHgLjOHyzlDmOzdKAF7Wib1DZcWRncaEYRGgLzElIXu9Evj/s1080/main5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCcsiPz3l5tpULNyDaQ6l1UUP2m6JqRZGD_prKI1pFWg_B_XNh1uOkcHdtG_LhWVPZ7YxpgUdchYjfcISDx2wwfGXfvgy1jLLq7DkaSbrVzX7zbl0s_c27Ziv4vCxHhBdc3pevY5qwiiIr3BHgLjOHyzlDmOzdKAF7Wib1DZcWRncaEYRGgLzElIXu9Evj/w409-h230/main5.jpg" width="409" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuD3j8ZzFKzFRLdo5HL15vnvYS_SW7MfxZfhKgeRj0GQnUxFZdLNoTJjIOlyPcdz51N3DkeLPWjyU5tH0lPRwgp_I07O4bHiAIZ5W4XUvpkrmaLD9ywtPt73BPp4zkHBshomfRZewB37n2VYwqcADitl7a5TiKaow0Lo3EbuJi7ehLBo8WPAPjyGEcUXSJ/s1080/main6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuD3j8ZzFKzFRLdo5HL15vnvYS_SW7MfxZfhKgeRj0GQnUxFZdLNoTJjIOlyPcdz51N3DkeLPWjyU5tH0lPRwgp_I07O4bHiAIZ5W4XUvpkrmaLD9ywtPt73BPp4zkHBshomfRZewB37n2VYwqcADitl7a5TiKaow0Lo3EbuJi7ehLBo8WPAPjyGEcUXSJ/w426-h240/main6.jpg" width="426" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilCze7yCIqBDJZMMpz9JXSmCE85mFG5Lj9ss-2qo30nZzjG-Jij8e53HS22TgRP0I0V_xFSqmrySt-UNYAGb2eDcfUkOiO5msMQdSPKY1FxSbZr4HkRnFXkJP4S8qqh87SbPQV6qb3gYuUFFfdSRaN1aJGfGzfgqB9KvbvZgf1qu2Z1xYCGpPvluLHtOBo/s1080/main7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilCze7yCIqBDJZMMpz9JXSmCE85mFG5Lj9ss-2qo30nZzjG-Jij8e53HS22TgRP0I0V_xFSqmrySt-UNYAGb2eDcfUkOiO5msMQdSPKY1FxSbZr4HkRnFXkJP4S8qqh87SbPQV6qb3gYuUFFfdSRaN1aJGfGzfgqB9KvbvZgf1qu2Z1xYCGpPvluLHtOBo/w434-h244/main7.jpg" width="434" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">In fact, I thought the 2024 symposia were more interesting than
displays on the main floor (my humble opinion only). It seems that many/several
dealers of high end/fine minerals have
left the main show and settled in Mineral City and/or Westward Look, and/or the
Tucson Fine Minerals Gallery on St. Marys Road. Their fantastic displays of
past years are no longer around downtown. I suppose that the driving force is
economics—Tucson Fine Minerals, with its 20 or so dealers, is open year round
and offers newsletters and special shows and speakers. For example, Collectors
Edge of the Denver area has pulled out of the Main Show and is now at Tucson
Fine Minerals. Arkenstone has a permanent type of structure at Mineral City as
well as a giant presence on the internet. And so it goes, economics drive the
market.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL-6J2OL2PfWxjYvq8q_ed5dijTSnE9ogxoiMEMyTNrf8b2QPed1hIbFuqucbwDkCV2X6a3E4f_Qig-eOrG5PssVlmgAOQ2WrHVRTHb-Eqz_vekUIp_aEf-42g5QrqKP_RXfLsY7wt44UTgsnhPE09XBJlQdczdNVdE96ImGCYm7Dfk0T_KHkdS1LD3JH0/s1080/main8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL-6J2OL2PfWxjYvq8q_ed5dijTSnE9ogxoiMEMyTNrf8b2QPed1hIbFuqucbwDkCV2X6a3E4f_Qig-eOrG5PssVlmgAOQ2WrHVRTHb-Eqz_vekUIp_aEf-42g5QrqKP_RXfLsY7wt44UTgsnhPE09XBJlQdczdNVdE96ImGCYm7Dfk0T_KHkdS1LD3JH0/w289-h514/main8.jpg" width="289" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB1gCkRI0abDtRKyzYmDqj5HgKdOFHftcmTBZN3y-6qnhl4kpg9tUrhCYErwRM-U-I3mnVWuT31sC_fInsiINqsEXfX68IHTuK6dbzgnTHNt3VKiCIym6pt8w7TPhDH-czWEx-8wkBYV3jrwPy2iCOfOr11AVLQv-wFCoIeceJhs7JUZ1traXouhUadJ50/s1080/main10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB1gCkRI0abDtRKyzYmDqj5HgKdOFHftcmTBZN3y-6qnhl4kpg9tUrhCYErwRM-U-I3mnVWuT31sC_fInsiINqsEXfX68IHTuK6dbzgnTHNt3VKiCIym6pt8w7TPhDH-czWEx-8wkBYV3jrwPy2iCOfOr11AVLQv-wFCoIeceJhs7JUZ1traXouhUadJ50/w420-h236/main10.jpg" width="420" /></a></div><br /><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS0Iz8t8735A6GJGUVfiiEvFS3sutumx2c1tVHJ-3Reu1p861Ks17hCgKhYhfg3Ulne-hFrFc-58G7Wu1esRR0Pxvd1mCrUu45GAOwzljplJ6Opz04mtYEfkV1tYX9aG77G7TLEBXG4zO4c2UD0LbaPkHAdaaMpfyfRoW5NqYA7KmZ_bzto0-PeJswNVl4/s1080/main9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS0Iz8t8735A6GJGUVfiiEvFS3sutumx2c1tVHJ-3Reu1p861Ks17hCgKhYhfg3Ulne-hFrFc-58G7Wu1esRR0Pxvd1mCrUu45GAOwzljplJ6Opz04mtYEfkV1tYX9aG77G7TLEBXG4zO4c2UD0LbaPkHAdaaMpfyfRoW5NqYA7KmZ_bzto0-PeJswNVl4/w427-h240/main9.jpg" width="427" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">And the show does have many, many dealers displaying mineral and jewelry.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyndqDdAk1MDTfX56tXoC3o6SkVrvqzuS7kmZMUlRxPD-SUQsNL7eFYRApa-oi93Y_m6Q9hmy00scseMNaCGpkPxlnFTmBhVmdVoCKuwzWTwqBBMHnAjkY4tbLRZVB9ULCcTYQMFRrRJTZikSqtvsySDz6iAhyphenhyphennvr3KMSeW4v_E5imX1IZE9AUnn_yjZJn/s4320/lizard3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3240" data-original-width="4320" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyndqDdAk1MDTfX56tXoC3o6SkVrvqzuS7kmZMUlRxPD-SUQsNL7eFYRApa-oi93Y_m6Q9hmy00scseMNaCGpkPxlnFTmBhVmdVoCKuwzWTwqBBMHnAjkY4tbLRZVB9ULCcTYQMFRrRJTZikSqtvsySDz6iAhyphenhyphennvr3KMSeW4v_E5imX1IZE9AUnn_yjZJn/s320/lizard3.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;">And never forget the sunsets of Arizona.<br /> </span><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-12992507777940111652024-02-26T19:39:00.005-07:002024-02-28T17:11:50.057-07:00TUCSON 24: MINERAL CITY, GUACAMOLE, AND SOFTBALL<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1scbSmMwQPG3_tTuDyh9nkEB1Vy3tJ_LM-g2MXl2HO0uqkKA-EuqKR-nk2kgL2uwCoJM2mnGBOlFgEfryO0Evn7WzO-R0F8QJzCwdn8v4El9AFDn4idgMySjbF9LuXl8ILYpt4zvPFtWbmrwFFEvzHKXytKUZr_H3SsZjU6xe1yVcA9GqMAkvfMRJrgFC/s1007/MCbook.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1007" data-original-width="585" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1scbSmMwQPG3_tTuDyh9nkEB1Vy3tJ_LM-g2MXl2HO0uqkKA-EuqKR-nk2kgL2uwCoJM2mnGBOlFgEfryO0Evn7WzO-R0F8QJzCwdn8v4El9AFDn4idgMySjbF9LuXl8ILYpt4zvPFtWbmrwFFEvzHKXytKUZr_H3SsZjU6xe1yVcA9GqMAkvfMRJrgFC/s320/MCbook.jpg" width="186" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">OK, if Tucson Show attendees came down to Arizona to
see minerals, all sorts of minerals, beautiful minerals from micros to cabinet,
no brass bells and other do-dads, but just great minerals, then Mineral City is
the place to go.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Located noth of
downtown along main drag Oracle Road with an address on Lester, Mineral City
was like the Phoenix rising from the ashes. The brainchild of Graham Sutton,
Mineral City has expanded, in five short years, from “nothing in an empty lot,
to a series of warehouse-like buildings holding, in 2024, over 120 mineral
dealers. These buildings are single story and each with a central hallway
supporting individual rooms on either side. Dealers may “decorate” as desired
with chairs, cases of all sorts, coffee pots, a wine decanter or two, and throw
in good conversations. Building D offers The Stope, a mining themed relaxation
room complete with wine, coffee, beer, dispalys and conversation with Chric
DeStafano holding down the home of Mineralogical Record. Hallways in Buildings C
& D have display cases filled with specimens from the Young Mineral
Collectors (including Austin Cockell from CSMS). Phil Persson from Denver and
Leonard Himes from Monument have great specimens displayed and for sale. Want
to visit about adventures while collecting in Mexico? Stop in and see Dennis
Beals from Denver. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-f7gQyLfmtMVinbf3Nc6zGkIFmn7d2K-9Q5l4QJAwLYNvkXMfln7RrLs-AVaujfm_gwQpDxRsNA2qWOl7r-zQeAn_2m4hEXInG5Ai7CWoMt0TYOoFhFrqUnNGyWMQDAj0YFiWwDKPw_ZkaupbYTJVAoQXv77hcZQ95FbqQF40KYQ7fuyfa8xGE6BXJtLf/s608/deventhal.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="608" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-f7gQyLfmtMVinbf3Nc6zGkIFmn7d2K-9Q5l4QJAwLYNvkXMfln7RrLs-AVaujfm_gwQpDxRsNA2qWOl7r-zQeAn_2m4hEXInG5Ai7CWoMt0TYOoFhFrqUnNGyWMQDAj0YFiWwDKPw_ZkaupbYTJVAoQXv77hcZQ95FbqQF40KYQ7fuyfa8xGE6BXJtLf/w363-h338/deventhal.jpg" width="363" /></a></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Erin Deventhal from the Four Corners area has a mineral booth and
was also selected as the 2323 “street artist” to paint a mural on the outside
wall of Building D<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(see recent issue of
Rocks and Minerals, Vol. 98, issue 6, 2023). </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhdKiCjbQkIYv4GYfnbQA1Lm1E9FWX36NKfLPOgitBIpeVDG3TSeI66575vXccniczLDCjXHkgw9F0q9BcNG3oyInV9whlaxxqX7qsGNEM1EiWkihNK_zEqW4HA_PZYYiuCN9f_iJqtAxvXX3trBziWyevjFWS1NvSOL-z1wccrcwUcI5s-6uNKDaZxUb/s737/MC!%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="737" data-original-width="497" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPhdKiCjbQkIYv4GYfnbQA1Lm1E9FWX36NKfLPOgitBIpeVDG3TSeI66575vXccniczLDCjXHkgw9F0q9BcNG3oyInV9whlaxxqX7qsGNEM1EiWkihNK_zEqW4HA_PZYYiuCN9f_iJqtAxvXX3trBziWyevjFWS1NvSOL-z1wccrcwUcI5s-6uNKDaZxUb/w293-h434/MC!%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="293" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">One of my favorite show specimens: chrysocolla and malachite from the DR Congo.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj0cvgADnjW3WKwtYdSQo3ClLtWeUGREBx6nYYwpJYEMVC2NOMrNcE8OSlZajgBSwxcAIVviF2icd53XWLOrZtBKOi57RbPvpYZ2mm8IWPCRq6xveBDZ0jZ2YiNQNPnaAIjFd0oYuJrFSMU9TEZA_ZJEPZvbvhSzkhkjVQpV3iMcR1Q5L7SJ438Y-mvgb2/s752/MC17.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="752" data-original-width="427" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj0cvgADnjW3WKwtYdSQo3ClLtWeUGREBx6nYYwpJYEMVC2NOMrNcE8OSlZajgBSwxcAIVviF2icd53XWLOrZtBKOi57RbPvpYZ2mm8IWPCRq6xveBDZ0jZ2YiNQNPnaAIjFd0oYuJrFSMU9TEZA_ZJEPZvbvhSzkhkjVQpV3iMcR1Q5L7SJ438Y-mvgb2/w241-h424/MC17.jpg" width="241" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tourmaline from the mines of Brazil.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKEwf6z6HsGNwLkKl3f8T2v-wK3yZAoulxsY9WABJIAqXIbiWzRo9Rnv743AK02YEsFZeUdaGO7_5Sll6qtZMU9ZQSyztUk_nDuPwVbvagS9pQgKtWQNgHEcLFWYUVJsFpu3hbdqujrpoUTttgugc4hHeQS2BrJEAR7UwybpadH1MAt4NmFc_mgFK1axlM/s865/MC8.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="865" data-original-width="324" height="541" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKEwf6z6HsGNwLkKl3f8T2v-wK3yZAoulxsY9WABJIAqXIbiWzRo9Rnv743AK02YEsFZeUdaGO7_5Sll6qtZMU9ZQSyztUk_nDuPwVbvagS9pQgKtWQNgHEcLFWYUVJsFpu3hbdqujrpoUTttgugc4hHeQS2BrJEAR7UwybpadH1MAt4NmFc_mgFK1axlM/w203-h541/MC8.jpg" width="203" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Aquamarine from Pakistan priced at $35,000.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYsfjxtAEf8o5Uq0Bwujn12wSAt_i2B2M47nAMaZwfz1IpIjwwcP3bPd0Ggd8lQQJfuMQQ-aqU46tu8DYL4JS0IttasPxYxbfgo4c6e8QGENcT7PXW5rNpTZQtVOfusMLs6bcJEkRH_Lg-5ONHobfKR-Be7jWZVnTybtrDhBX7wLJ7-fZu6qCbB3K_UFNU/s722/MC7%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="722" data-original-width="608" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYsfjxtAEf8o5Uq0Bwujn12wSAt_i2B2M47nAMaZwfz1IpIjwwcP3bPd0Ggd8lQQJfuMQQ-aqU46tu8DYL4JS0IttasPxYxbfgo4c6e8QGENcT7PXW5rNpTZQtVOfusMLs6bcJEkRH_Lg-5ONHobfKR-Be7jWZVnTybtrDhBX7wLJ7-fZu6qCbB3K_UFNU/s320/MC7%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="269" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE7TTkoGSybyMo3Ngg7BUgWSf0ogWcMWYOQ0-dlGpjExMrXH8V2hfsGrdWNgi9BE_FOPVVj3pey71vpG2d58s57-D6w7GULvzVqsyOVtX7a7a9qAZYNVjSzTiDZpeOLcUEQnLanE1PvCDFq-Q8t4_TTZlY4mj6SzaGBU0EH-1O9d0Kzk4yxUWAmq3pqN5Z/s608/MC6%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="585" data-original-width="608" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE7TTkoGSybyMo3Ngg7BUgWSf0ogWcMWYOQ0-dlGpjExMrXH8V2hfsGrdWNgi9BE_FOPVVj3pey71vpG2d58s57-D6w7GULvzVqsyOVtX7a7a9qAZYNVjSzTiDZpeOLcUEQnLanE1PvCDFq-Q8t4_TTZlY4mj6SzaGBU0EH-1O9d0Kzk4yxUWAmq3pqN5Z/s320/MC6%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><span>Above two specimens are beautiful fluorite from Illinois. </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><span>One is $9,500 while the lower is $20,000. I keep dreaming about a student field trip in the 1960s where the "locals" had piles of fluorite in their yards for sale-nice specimens for fifty cents more or less. However, a half buck to a student was serious money but I did bring home a few crystals.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0RRJPyAXcDGNFKUIsJkr-JkICM-7Ui0acQCWR_QZ-nl_sYIuLhdmcUmJ5jqARO6DMPf6mboMUxFV6SMc9VVot_o-iDbA5bg34P40gZHGZyW6WsQGzGzaImA-05-zUli6MdRkpTjiVZP_5CJWEkWRKMmX6W79RPPV2FrCS5tsEY2RcZcrQOqa5cmRsrFnx/s1080/MC5%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="414" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0RRJPyAXcDGNFKUIsJkr-JkICM-7Ui0acQCWR_QZ-nl_sYIuLhdmcUmJ5jqARO6DMPf6mboMUxFV6SMc9VVot_o-iDbA5bg34P40gZHGZyW6WsQGzGzaImA-05-zUli6MdRkpTjiVZP_5CJWEkWRKMmX6W79RPPV2FrCS5tsEY2RcZcrQOqa5cmRsrFnx/w233-h414/MC5%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="233" /></a></div></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;">Dennis Beals from Denver spinning yarns about collecting in Mexico.</span></span><p></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha0NcMs87g8GO6L8RW4LmRQbqX5Jg9yxy0DBFWNbgyAoIRRbPNpHCqWx2Xk1mKP_664irFCRnm71OiV26dkECvZzzmDtl06CepZaL46M6NPOa2QBqNAXTFpPVNGg26Nuq5nMobGWftXFVLo7t8Emmdk7yKh0f_HGG7pUXYCowHkiJOV5-8OIY_L8iMADqc/s1080/MC10.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="577" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha0NcMs87g8GO6L8RW4LmRQbqX5Jg9yxy0DBFWNbgyAoIRRbPNpHCqWx2Xk1mKP_664irFCRnm71OiV26dkECvZzzmDtl06CepZaL46M6NPOa2QBqNAXTFpPVNGg26Nuq5nMobGWftXFVLo7t8Emmdk7yKh0f_HGG7pUXYCowHkiJOV5-8OIY_L8iMADqc/w325-h577/MC10.jpg" width="325" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH7Ojy1KaTnryOLgx2Kjjc1OVvFVeuFrLtOY-UiCBicMV9zxX-qRNpmvCKIqYKeX_9Pkb3FSLjqsMBoGFQg0MQ2-mmyZpTUQTK39qVjHryP4T1TLaX3s8iDeEtqVX7K3C13S1-S7iktXkLXnPMAWLRvjbs8qXIAff6B2Y2b7bXcnReumtIDihQ6kDJh81h/s1080/MC14.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="1080" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH7Ojy1KaTnryOLgx2Kjjc1OVvFVeuFrLtOY-UiCBicMV9zxX-qRNpmvCKIqYKeX_9Pkb3FSLjqsMBoGFQg0MQ2-mmyZpTUQTK39qVjHryP4T1TLaX3s8iDeEtqVX7K3C13S1-S7iktXkLXnPMAWLRvjbs8qXIAff6B2Y2b7bXcnReumtIDihQ6kDJh81h/w527-h178/MC14.jpg" width="527" /></a></div>Arkfeld Minerals had a wide variety of reasonably priced minerals in the display case above. The bottom photo is a nice display of the fairly rare cesium mineral pezzottaite.<br /> <span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgliTPmDx5EzZeTN4v1IaLn4uixZWlITtvs8y-RuhwNIckLSwXQGL1bKB-T-4cObyBqnZQYkPmfAEurAH8dxiBMqBRdCZyelxVwX5vOXzizgmU5i162-igCgfTO-WwXkaAZ48dwocpA5gOHV09FRtoD50iRqyBKWh8xDyTZicuDZpRwN6ZCSjho7VKh9foF/s452/MC2%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="452" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgliTPmDx5EzZeTN4v1IaLn4uixZWlITtvs8y-RuhwNIckLSwXQGL1bKB-T-4cObyBqnZQYkPmfAEurAH8dxiBMqBRdCZyelxVwX5vOXzizgmU5i162-igCgfTO-WwXkaAZ48dwocpA5gOHV09FRtoD50iRqyBKWh8xDyTZicuDZpRwN6ZCSjho7VKh9foF/s320/MC2%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigvA07afq9GhFAwLAvRduFCnPJy-ZQghgM_bP5roimoGEqoxP6CFIrzgqAmaCC3_HI9qCGcLB38fQRtKGZLuZ8cwapypJ5slQ3EetbSXGsStz3spBH6PdgvsKkl27MemXJkQf9b__PAL8SNy-VjEW-XotbgU9sEYWCYyaajMufoRc_sL62nC9klJ2sWCj_/s488/MC15%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="488" data-original-width="401" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigvA07afq9GhFAwLAvRduFCnPJy-ZQghgM_bP5roimoGEqoxP6CFIrzgqAmaCC3_HI9qCGcLB38fQRtKGZLuZ8cwapypJ5slQ3EetbSXGsStz3spBH6PdgvsKkl27MemXJkQf9b__PAL8SNy-VjEW-XotbgU9sEYWCYyaajMufoRc_sL62nC9klJ2sWCj_/w312-h380/MC15%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="312" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRQq0-rAlGYli7gDj52K-gUI0aXVQhSx3A3I4daCZg0R4bpDi4UckIk_sXe09LMu5fkwVItItk27zABTFT0EpGak-kL-oN77ZKtZTmw_5N7cgtuu-aDsVGJ-bUGMqsNhNgR8Y9WIgOZFYkn1G0zoqTPGuVkMmQmnJiRCQ9vllRGyhWTzy5CkNWi6HoS8d7/s1080/MC4%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRQq0-rAlGYli7gDj52K-gUI0aXVQhSx3A3I4daCZg0R4bpDi4UckIk_sXe09LMu5fkwVItItk27zABTFT0EpGak-kL-oN77ZKtZTmw_5N7cgtuu-aDsVGJ-bUGMqsNhNgR8Y9WIgOZFYkn1G0zoqTPGuVkMmQmnJiRCQ9vllRGyhWTzy5CkNWi6HoS8d7/w180-h320/MC4%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="180" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">And by-the-way, California still produces gold! </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><br /></div></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Adjacent to the warehouse buildings are other
structures with more dealers including our friends the Pinnacle Five Minerals (Joe Dorris family) situated in
Mineral Village selling prized amazonite specimens from his claims near Lake
George, Colorado. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the corner of
Oracle and Lester (east end of Mineral City) is a former eating establishment
(a bright pink color), La Fuente de Piedras connected to a large tent, housing a number
of dealers including a large Arkenstone with displays of very fine minerals,
the Rock Currier Collection, Rocks and Minerals <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Magazine, and a fine collection of micros and thumbnails at Petr Sztacho
Minerals. At the far west end of Mineral City are a variety of stand-alone buildings
housing dealers selling large specimens like The Rock Yard and Barlows.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHi2oD90tjibbzMftBwMtq-2P8DqwBlZsL0KmG7OIS3s-vobyBKT-zehEd-S5EY20lBY0T_iQjP-mW7dCyXUIkRa2JXlWeGSI22k3_vTBDeY_aeHgUtmxJQVMB3EhCDWM3I1d53v55gQ9tFEch9gX2iARoUkx95Bu99X91K63rry_VfRzHWba9CyJlXWwx/s1080/catalinas.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="437" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHi2oD90tjibbzMftBwMtq-2P8DqwBlZsL0KmG7OIS3s-vobyBKT-zehEd-S5EY20lBY0T_iQjP-mW7dCyXUIkRa2JXlWeGSI22k3_vTBDeY_aeHgUtmxJQVMB3EhCDWM3I1d53v55gQ9tFEch9gX2iARoUkx95Bu99X91K63rry_VfRzHWba9CyJlXWwx/w246-h437/catalinas.jpg" width="246" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">The nearby Catalina Mountains, one of the Madrean Sky Islands with the Pusch Ridge Wilderness Area, offer fantastic views for show attendees as they are visible throughout Tucson. This particular view is from my brother's back patio at sunset.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Mineral City is an amazing place, and I spent the
better part of three days ogling and conversing and even buying a few specimens (described later).
I can’t begin to describe the many sights, smells, tastes and sounds (of happy
rockhounds).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix4x6cAHnVv3svAXnvGpUzD-QvTaQXV4jKePkzgaCujL5RQIALw0KGbPVydMTi2cICx6C9dEU_Jjqmq9rdwMXopAuAJzWRRwoWvALCV3hiM4zy4yJCPBWGP4DNt3QHYnm4baOD_F1hnLaLNp31G-p9S62n8HsD6p0ndwb_fnv_vQFyltd_7OI92H_dazxD/s608/food.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="608" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix4x6cAHnVv3svAXnvGpUzD-QvTaQXV4jKePkzgaCujL5RQIALw0KGbPVydMTi2cICx6C9dEU_Jjqmq9rdwMXopAuAJzWRRwoWvALCV3hiM4zy4yJCPBWGP4DNt3QHYnm4baOD_F1hnLaLNp31G-p9S62n8HsD6p0ndwb_fnv_vQFyltd_7OI92H_dazxD/s320/food.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">And food, did I mention some fantastic eating, like made at your table guacamole and a frosty IPA (photo courtesy of Baja Brewing). <br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiddIXB1IPYSgI6kb2E9D2dVYNqkbOcmg3F6_wQG4-sZlnh60cUXK58X0edwIUkF9yZxlbYBdg9lL0vPuufAaj2HqOOgfKqycB0OcF2O_ykqcxLYWPFFM_UWMwXwkX8T-FbBV0-zHjE79xji-fzVRmki9V_xkVJqOdzJQDoggj_FR7wSncIxDyko-FyXPkk/s567/beer.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="434" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiddIXB1IPYSgI6kb2E9D2dVYNqkbOcmg3F6_wQG4-sZlnh60cUXK58X0edwIUkF9yZxlbYBdg9lL0vPuufAaj2HqOOgfKqycB0OcF2O_ykqcxLYWPFFM_UWMwXwkX8T-FbBV0-zHjE79xji-fzVRmki9V_xkVJqOdzJQDoggj_FR7wSncIxDyko-FyXPkk/s320/beer.png" width="245" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">And, if you are a little tired of minerals consider that the U of A women's softball team is nationally ranked and the other night it was 74 degrees at 6:00 pm. The beautiful stadium is near the center of campus.<br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ixR5_aRfCYGVdWsFGhPtvdJcPhI1-CF-wAq0AB7bghRiWPGRwrwUPCCNP09siwbK-cui6uNEm6p3WvHHrktfGBqKUz9WDwWNQJNgyahTa0nwhNDrArgisIOBUZNjoeN7kgthRdyR00xjeMmyB7JiGviSvZPRfzTRAXbfvuQZlc9QAWJbwhfG5wxAbBDO/s1080/softball.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ixR5_aRfCYGVdWsFGhPtvdJcPhI1-CF-wAq0AB7bghRiWPGRwrwUPCCNP09siwbK-cui6uNEm6p3WvHHrktfGBqKUz9WDwWNQJNgyahTa0nwhNDrArgisIOBUZNjoeN7kgthRdyR00xjeMmyB7JiGviSvZPRfzTRAXbfvuQZlc9QAWJbwhfG5wxAbBDO/w444-h250/softball.jpg" width="444" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">For additional excitement the successful women's basketball team plays before a home crowd of 7000+.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"> <br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI2wmSrF25pT2X1fk3axlMPnM9ub88TdNB-8NEBSscQd6bLCB1-T1BTkDKxXS4oPtem4wsYVOP75ji0LcXKZ6_fOuI4ttBdcgdg0oNJZInGekdzOfJUwZ8T-ao_qGRSuUpw-HmIS_g7Mp_mTwRm1WnLDxpTYLfm5BcP935_hI8VZw8tTNXwLPyKBWB4QS-/s1080/MCgame.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="373" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI2wmSrF25pT2X1fk3axlMPnM9ub88TdNB-8NEBSscQd6bLCB1-T1BTkDKxXS4oPtem4wsYVOP75ji0LcXKZ6_fOuI4ttBdcgdg0oNJZInGekdzOfJUwZ8T-ao_qGRSuUpw-HmIS_g7Mp_mTwRm1WnLDxpTYLfm5BcP935_hI8VZw8tTNXwLPyKBWB4QS-/w210-h373/MCgame.jpg" width="210" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Tucson and the mineral shows are an exciting place to visit and explore. If you plan to attend in 2024 get your motel or camping sites early. Then plan to whoop it up.<br /></span></p>
Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-57161730516815517542024-02-19T17:27:00.001-07:002024-02-23T18:37:19.350-07:00TUCSON 24: MONTGOMERYITE (BLACK HILLS SD) FROM AN OLD TIMEY SHOW<p> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUwZI46fxbCA3It-5sbHeW5VN_PbHQtU2NUqm3B9DsNupf03lwauTlqbWHobIoVi5gKLaswBhJZhiGbbekcpq9H1BjekhVaHsiHsFnvHRgNJo52kK7_Dk6-F6q13M84NHluW4E_bKpcYkCOUEvP8CblrqEK0nvLFZm7o4G9rKT2HHkWnAs5uWB8kbtZKtx/s1080/coop1%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUwZI46fxbCA3It-5sbHeW5VN_PbHQtU2NUqm3B9DsNupf03lwauTlqbWHobIoVi5gKLaswBhJZhiGbbekcpq9H1BjekhVaHsiHsFnvHRgNJo52kK7_Dk6-F6q13M84NHluW4E_bKpcYkCOUEvP8CblrqEK0nvLFZm7o4G9rKT2HHkWnAs5uWB8kbtZKtx/w263-h468/coop1%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="263" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEC7Lx4A6946RNpHtCTvJ-mBbN6_HFrvLK9uzkdtQgAZ1ieqi7orOQ76AOKqozy5uQkRlLVpEQbGL3s2qY_TCzI1yjXvBMS355kHHeTzdTvNauaPJfdSydlojW2FqiNbDsQPxvUpaPnYo1QhWVWTqXZXvT8iWNfD-4pyGc9QiGvKsj-J2787kBsFmOkB9T/s1080/coop3%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEC7Lx4A6946RNpHtCTvJ-mBbN6_HFrvLK9uzkdtQgAZ1ieqi7orOQ76AOKqozy5uQkRlLVpEQbGL3s2qY_TCzI1yjXvBMS355kHHeTzdTvNauaPJfdSydlojW2FqiNbDsQPxvUpaPnYo1QhWVWTqXZXvT8iWNfD-4pyGc9QiGvKsj-J2787kBsFmOkB9T/w395-h222/coop3%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="395" /></a></div></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">55 or so dealers spread out at the Miners Coop Show</span></span><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One of the many Tucson shows that I make time to attend is
the Miners Coop Rock Show. This venue seems to be the most western and most
northern show situated at Mike Jacobs Sports Park at the corner of Ina Road and
I-10. The location is away from the hustle and bustle of the major venues in
and near the city center, southeast near the Kino and Holiday Inn Shows, along
the Oracle road and I-10 motel strips and the 22<sup>nd</sup> street monster.
The Coop show is a mom & pop, old timey show where vendors are outside or
small open tents displaying thjeir wares.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Don’t worry about a rainstorm, of which are numerous, just throw a tarp
over the specimen tables and retreat to their small RVs parked behind the
tables. The show is described as the people who dig and mine and the home of
the diggers and do-ers. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji2DTyutfvBeWZmOHFJes5nwV8caGIBPxqTNG-fGdz1pbUAR0TyZZLKStRCp8nuXhM9yPdN0RNCIyz1ZHfX7Wty415pOj7giHOzgmZcKwpE-w4-OcemvbTOKwy-jB51ACwxrKHEmD-Nook_knDBMkNQEuwp-xYrvvjZuVh7_zV9EvoEQvceRTlB4rWSljB/s1080/coop5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEji2DTyutfvBeWZmOHFJes5nwV8caGIBPxqTNG-fGdz1pbUAR0TyZZLKStRCp8nuXhM9yPdN0RNCIyz1ZHfX7Wty415pOj7giHOzgmZcKwpE-w4-OcemvbTOKwy-jB51ACwxrKHEmD-Nook_knDBMkNQEuwp-xYrvvjZuVh7_zV9EvoEQvceRTlB4rWSljB/w274-h486/coop5.jpg" width="274" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtDSs4hG_pzR_zOTa0HCrnYWZpuhWClCIj2B2bcr1e3vIbyBoF5NAYE7PlU0o26lTZOrgNQS-ZvTuXnVJhv1o1aa1xa8XEXFr_7g0G5hQq8I_Bk2PXDt805IssltRn7C40-4JCukn3iXlteUIJrNYaeDMXYVVGbpHpHQ5-krh0X7MiKbTq5EgC1phJiN3u/s1080/coop4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtDSs4hG_pzR_zOTa0HCrnYWZpuhWClCIj2B2bcr1e3vIbyBoF5NAYE7PlU0o26lTZOrgNQS-ZvTuXnVJhv1o1aa1xa8XEXFr_7g0G5hQq8I_Bk2PXDt805IssltRn7C40-4JCukn3iXlteUIJrNYaeDMXYVVGbpHpHQ5-krh0X7MiKbTq5EgC1phJiN3u/w259-h460/coop4.jpg" width="259" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">All sorts of rocks, minerals, and fossils for sale.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUIyl0L33MF7s-w8GfWGNjjYVIoQe7Z8NZr2mndbHgs0dfOwyQCbrARHm6dDYUhmN86RjjQQapzEituthaCu9OQ1KEHHblsry7_Q6oZyO-i5GfduA0MZ3SuBXi3l4OEWtu8D_EObTkQyiM5JP4mHZN_0Q3YYnNdiCUOGyOpDXRZ1Awzs3zyuzcpY7ARYDk/s1080/coop6.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="461" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUIyl0L33MF7s-w8GfWGNjjYVIoQe7Z8NZr2mndbHgs0dfOwyQCbrARHm6dDYUhmN86RjjQQapzEituthaCu9OQ1KEHHblsry7_Q6oZyO-i5GfduA0MZ3SuBXi3l4OEWtu8D_EObTkQyiM5JP4mHZN_0Q3YYnNdiCUOGyOpDXRZ1Awzs3zyuzcpY7ARYDk/w259-h461/coop6.jpg" width="259" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Not all minerals are what they appear to be! m This is a sack of nice fresh oak acorns.</span></span><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The vendors are likely to be perched on a lawn chair
and snoozing in the sun but are more than willing to engage in a lively
conversation. These are the vendors who may have come from a month in Quartzite
and may be heading to February/March New Mexico shows in Los Cruces, then
Deming,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and Truth
or Consequences—any place to avoid snow shoveling back at their home base. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBcaRlufqWK4OajhMcaGugr4mSwC1jzepUAaFeECn6XmrTTsxMys7u0k1JpWktbqXWGqz377vrKFintDNAeOqAmRSNO0SXVCGcydbNP5QpFMp1TN3pyIeNRn2dYEjaRvQoTuqyuZUzHHLEF84nFjyXxJc-tZ0SAaAjIm8YSabPwTM5LPiKDulaUjAo2q5Z/s1080/coop7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="413" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBcaRlufqWK4OajhMcaGugr4mSwC1jzepUAaFeECn6XmrTTsxMys7u0k1JpWktbqXWGqz377vrKFintDNAeOqAmRSNO0SXVCGcydbNP5QpFMp1TN3pyIeNRn2dYEjaRvQoTuqyuZUzHHLEF84nFjyXxJc-tZ0SAaAjIm8YSabPwTM5LPiKDulaUjAo2q5Z/w232-h413/coop7.jpg" width="232" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Kim and Bodie from Runnin Boar Minerals sell a variety minerals including amazonite from their quarry.</span></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />Generally speaking the vendors are about the same each year and I enjoy talking
to a parrot from Arkansas, the azurite blueberry dealer from Moab, and Kim and
Bodie from Divide, Colorado, just up the road from my home base in Colorado
Springs. No expensive motel rooms or giant tents or the convention center –just
a bunch of friendly diggers and do-ers!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What I found at the show was small box, still partially damp
from a rain, that had been tossed in a flat of minerals with other specimens. Always
curious, I pulled out my loupe to take a peak at the specimen labeled “
montgomeryite, Tip Top Mine, Black Hills”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Wow. I zealously guarded the box and continued to peak at others but none
piqued my interest. “How much do you want for this mineral? How about three
bucks.” I hesitated but pulled out the money and was happily on my way. I had
previously blogged about the mineral a couple of times. However, montgomeryite
is a pretty rare secondary phosphate named for Arthur Montgomery and is
associated with Colorado Springs, the Black Hills, and Utah—three of my
favorite places.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1940 E.S. Larsen of Harvard University described two new
minerals collected from phosphate nodules near Fairfield, Utah. Larsen
had been working and describing minerals from this area for at least a decade
and finally “got around” to formally naming the hydrated calcium magnesium
aluminum phosphates: overite [CaMgAl(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)-4H<sub>2</sub>O],
named for Edwin Over of Colorado Springs, and montgomeryite [Ca<sub>4</sub>MgAl<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>-12H<sub>2</sub>O]
for Arthur Montgomery of New York City. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Over and Montgomery had spent part of the years 1936-1940
prospecting and mining phosphate nodules from Clay Canyon near Fairfield in the
Oquirrh Mountains southwest of Salt Lake City. They were mainly after
variscite, a beautiful green, hydrated aluminum phosphate [AlPO<sub>4</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O]
that was sliced for mineral collectors and cabbed for jewelry. However, these
nodules also contained a plethora of micro minerals that were of great interest
to collectors. Today the Fairfield site is closed and remediated or perhaps open to the claim owner every few years?<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Today, the best-known montgomeryite crystals are found from
a few mines in the Black Hills of South Dakota, especially the Tip Top Mine
near Custer, formally a lithium mine in pegmatites associated with the Precambrian Harney Peak Granite. Here montgomeryite generally occurs as small lath-like crystals
that are flattened, striated, elongated and capped by a
pyramid. Crystals are translucent, have a vitreous luster, and
a hardness of ~4.0 (Mohs). At the type locality at the Little Green
Monster Mine in Utah the crystals are generally colorless to pale green and
occur in nodules that are of sedimentary origin. At the Tip Top Mine the
lath-like crystals are colorless to some sort of a red to orange to salmon to pale
yellow color and are associated with several other secondary phosphate minerals
and primary phosphates like
triphylite as well as and the pegmatitic microcline feldspar. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdYuOKv-5tGj0x72_hKvXUubykllyuyquJ92vZ6ciPv4X_ry87BZoUpItn_xLmBdEUVP2CRwRtWrGvaZ1y_xjJPw4rmFtXnam5JRgVgK4XKY-JIHqqhRxepy2Z_kvoW7MDVrCv8JUhCoN7fbCBWZeaOaNnZ36T6xUPvQ88eokA9Ltm5gklJTf0LiM1ddEw/s640/mont2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdYuOKv-5tGj0x72_hKvXUubykllyuyquJ92vZ6ciPv4X_ry87BZoUpItn_xLmBdEUVP2CRwRtWrGvaZ1y_xjJPw4rmFtXnam5JRgVgK4XKY-JIHqqhRxepy2Z_kvoW7MDVrCv8JUhCoN7fbCBWZeaOaNnZ36T6xUPvQ88eokA9Ltm5gklJTf0LiM1ddEw/w519-h390/mont2.jpg" width="519" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeOfPWj3eN5kF-3_Tf1heq0jV6_PFfAM1vmKuWtFSbc3trANJ8Nfhg5JgIfiYhm5FAICepSdHhxfYvaJQlg4Q1xgFbwMSBJLx6uWRrw0Upm2qgrmxtdQPynRrYF9l8Qe2I75Q7Qzd_w082daXOF-A9vwaLxdFn41jBr9__JOq4bjTR_rpctnRxjZbNVtXJ/s640/mont4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeOfPWj3eN5kF-3_Tf1heq0jV6_PFfAM1vmKuWtFSbc3trANJ8Nfhg5JgIfiYhm5FAICepSdHhxfYvaJQlg4Q1xgFbwMSBJLx6uWRrw0Upm2qgrmxtdQPynRrYF9l8Qe2I75Q7Qzd_w082daXOF-A9vwaLxdFn41jBr9__JOq4bjTR_rpctnRxjZbNVtXJ/w537-h404/mont4.jpg" width="537" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVIkf3rbQeDcSTA8BKY-LnQf9APugQWyGZAPgUcZAk-V74xSqTlvIuzPIYpjkEKgdmzvTTuH4aY-_7Sa_d7z1DLEw2d4a0PZBdE4mwtp6M7ibGf4eOFjSZ6q62wmwXFZcrHpiIfAS6h7AHHuxegSlnaZO2Kc0PieDqfjlxjKDRJh0T4ZlnbPFAcvIvjVzI/s640/mont6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="427" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVIkf3rbQeDcSTA8BKY-LnQf9APugQWyGZAPgUcZAk-V74xSqTlvIuzPIYpjkEKgdmzvTTuH4aY-_7Sa_d7z1DLEw2d4a0PZBdE4mwtp6M7ibGf4eOFjSZ6q62wmwXFZcrHpiIfAS6h7AHHuxegSlnaZO2Kc0PieDqfjlxjKDRJh0T4ZlnbPFAcvIvjVzI/w570-h427/mont6.jpg" width="570" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Montgomery laths on a microcline matrix. Black mineral is some sort of a phosphate perhaps rockbridgeite and/or triphylite. Width FOV ~ 7 mm.</span><br /><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I felt fortunate to locate the specimen, especially with the
low price, and will continue to seek other Tip Top and Fairfield specimens such
as the millisite found at 22<sup>nd</sup> Street show described in the February
6 post. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-59871362828998601432024-02-10T19:48:00.002-07:002024-02-19T17:29:18.529-07:00KINO 24: A HUGE SHOW WITH GOLD AND A GOAT <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfAjd0KmTWHrCOFicMfIVh-bEnOeas8t9p6DFlA5LP4GW8HRU08WLrxU5y1df3CICTnd-0K4Cxs5Pphynm4Aobd7vg5LCIsEQ2630MHLt4kL1njGeHvf6Z86bCKmzQSoRC9ujSBS2bXpdo_0IgvgRMYVIeBi2E_63KzJ7IHRkX6cLe0zGecGPqK3N9fiV4/s1012/kino.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="672" data-original-width="1012" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfAjd0KmTWHrCOFicMfIVh-bEnOeas8t9p6DFlA5LP4GW8HRU08WLrxU5y1df3CICTnd-0K4Cxs5Pphynm4Aobd7vg5LCIsEQ2630MHLt4kL1njGeHvf6Z86bCKmzQSoRC9ujSBS2bXpdo_0IgvgRMYVIeBi2E_63KzJ7IHRkX6cLe0zGecGPqK3N9fiV4/w420-h279/kino.png" width="420" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Aerial view of the Kino venue. Photo courtesy of KinoGemShow.com</span></span><br /></div><br /><!--[if !mso]>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">My next venue on the schedule was the Kino Gem and
Mineral Show situated south and east of downtown along I-10 heading east and on
Ajo Way. It is among the most isolated of the venues but is quite large with
~225 vendors. Kino is a show where one goes to get exercise by walking and
walking and walking. Most vendors are situated in tents open to the weather
although there are a couple of the really giant tents. Kino is the place to go
if interested in “large” quartz crystals and “big” rocks and large water fountains.
If one is buying at Kino there is a possibility of the need for a flatbed truck
and loader to carry home your loot. There are also numerous jewelry booths in
the big tent where one can purchase lesser priced rings, pendants, bracelets,
etc.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And of course, carved skulls and
beads are plentiful. What generally was missing are mineral collectables for
you home cabinet. But, if you are interested in doodads, rugs, magic minerals,
handicrafts, trinkets, etc. this is your place. And, the parking is plentiful
and free. Lookers could easily spend a day here and if interested, pet a
goat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW_vCNYVvtKINJj8OZ6k6THvUQEnhkmZSv3i8tY4OqfP5sgfyYrJ3kZ3-3ZML4GwQAyg3cHduoa5qoDwCMZF1HcXsVn4f_dLAiI43Lxcm3Ur5kBkJbXqPnqZORRfQFQpSX0d8V6kSX6ppaOP5JgstjpYt2T0w-p2v1xbMuEh3ZsgkGDjW3eLg-h1YLI1e4/s2592/DSC05521.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW_vCNYVvtKINJj8OZ6k6THvUQEnhkmZSv3i8tY4OqfP5sgfyYrJ3kZ3-3ZML4GwQAyg3cHduoa5qoDwCMZF1HcXsVn4f_dLAiI43Lxcm3Ur5kBkJbXqPnqZORRfQFQpSX0d8V6kSX6ppaOP5JgstjpYt2T0w-p2v1xbMuEh3ZsgkGDjW3eLg-h1YLI1e4/s320/DSC05521.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidtz5iOZ13B6zlSFr-V2izk1567amjMmAZfwHE1jkKkVv-JU7n0WJiEhakjXKu-QmPR7wP1mtU5__vBwhZX6iSWUsAJpfLm2IWOo1QYxUKW67ny7rC7mlyyCBcwYs20nuJxjBV_S1pVidOhGQrJ47QqjUeRAIfQEDDJnJIz02Rk86ufNe_MAxztDec-P1Q/s2592/DSC05524.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidtz5iOZ13B6zlSFr-V2izk1567amjMmAZfwHE1jkKkVv-JU7n0WJiEhakjXKu-QmPR7wP1mtU5__vBwhZX6iSWUsAJpfLm2IWOo1QYxUKW67ny7rC7mlyyCBcwYs20nuJxjBV_S1pVidOhGQrJ47QqjUeRAIfQEDDJnJIz02Rk86ufNe_MAxztDec-P1Q/s320/DSC05524.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mookaite (locally coined) is a silicified sedimentary rock,
actually a colorful indurated radiolarite only known/collected from the Lower
Cretaceous Windalia Radiolarite (a geological formation) in the Carnarvon Basin
of Western Australia. The rock is composed of gazillions of microscopic
radiolarians that have a siliceous, usually opaline, test (their “shell”). This
particular radiolarite forms in the weathering profile of the Windalia. Every
year I come to ogle at these colorful slabs.</span> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-Ynt-vpjo9WHqJ6ZlFxa3PRH6duKYyYjbnab8r0XkGPqRDsF_kyh2BO4-3Al2QeG5rqSguf7STs3aqIfslmDt70NaCja8_U8MdmXSIR_qdbfBEWXBSWN2nm4u22oC14bGFtUuH1Bi_7Y-pAvllO0qLElXCor1IBs1DMbpjHsKsL5h_h1B8mrgd281V_s/s4000/DSC05525.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii-Ynt-vpjo9WHqJ6ZlFxa3PRH6duKYyYjbnab8r0XkGPqRDsF_kyh2BO4-3Al2QeG5rqSguf7STs3aqIfslmDt70NaCja8_U8MdmXSIR_qdbfBEWXBSWN2nm4u22oC14bGFtUuH1Bi_7Y-pAvllO0qLElXCor1IBs1DMbpjHsKsL5h_h1B8mrgd281V_s/s320/DSC05525.JPG" width="320" /></a></div></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Sometimes you just toss all of your extra rocks on a table
and see what will sell for a dollar.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpFa4mjrnWrBOtdsHO0lkqqLrJG1tHQ_ejvxcjn3cUrTpaWLOq5WJo-7vFDpgAa75fUnZYrfcmm4AaGkjQpOtNplokHN-xkUTr0NIBxVzHEBuC7rIvFORO8Y8BWGNiH1r7WEZfkp_65hcCjVmsu2HJaBmiyaz60VM3adG-KyG63ulzzyyLGNYbaLXPm3hZ/s4000/DSC05529.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpFa4mjrnWrBOtdsHO0lkqqLrJG1tHQ_ejvxcjn3cUrTpaWLOq5WJo-7vFDpgAa75fUnZYrfcmm4AaGkjQpOtNplokHN-xkUTr0NIBxVzHEBuC7rIvFORO8Y8BWGNiH1r7WEZfkp_65hcCjVmsu2HJaBmiyaz60VM3adG-KyG63ulzzyyLGNYbaLXPm3hZ/s320/DSC05529.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And so, the walk begins at the south end near the parking
lot. Not certain that I can see the north end of the aisle!!</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBLb66zRkWLc36CCl6ZWqQGxKQr047B9HHqoIp3V1GbPMM2aRoSOvD0coqObRmgzpMQbtcZ7JdkfnjlFvmMVmB3khLEGpxlC9UVBBIYqirhcL4KPbMqgma0C1XxUXytTMSFEd1ly8NWxZL7XBG0xZ1f9PzPXKUNCCVypPUnaiiC14v3VxFR8KvyafwEX5l/s4000/DSC05531.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBLb66zRkWLc36CCl6ZWqQGxKQr047B9HHqoIp3V1GbPMM2aRoSOvD0coqObRmgzpMQbtcZ7JdkfnjlFvmMVmB3khLEGpxlC9UVBBIYqirhcL4KPbMqgma0C1XxUXytTMSFEd1ly8NWxZL7XBG0xZ1f9PzPXKUNCCVypPUnaiiC14v3VxFR8KvyafwEX5l/s320/DSC05531.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">I<span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">guess this is a brecciated conglomerate of some sort. Definitely
a yard rock that will not fit in the trunk of your passenger car. </span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFzD2unjiyXUsFyGkdWf7W8fbp-G_luQsWGOjHtEjk0NthdM3uiitcpJGX3GZy7JCuyMKRW43u5ofwr2J8l_KjlmT7MsDxN2kR_oTuQfhfrvZpnKzsb1a-wPw7I-fEQPLYKUFbafGUid6xa-ZCmSHuK_kXsuPqKkQhT4xspsJwhAxONR_XXP2V53266jwV/s4000/DSC05532.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFzD2unjiyXUsFyGkdWf7W8fbp-G_luQsWGOjHtEjk0NthdM3uiitcpJGX3GZy7JCuyMKRW43u5ofwr2J8l_KjlmT7MsDxN2kR_oTuQfhfrvZpnKzsb1a-wPw7I-fEQPLYKUFbafGUid6xa-ZCmSHuK_kXsuPqKkQhT4xspsJwhAxONR_XXP2V53266jwV/s320/DSC05532.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Another one you need the truck for—a large quartz turned
into a yard fountain.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWhQMA6iPIBG6F6P1wiaQVjVX1BLIFxzoU_WPGBa1l0Ozlk4HMOpuWh8P6t1RfTFWmyW6DG_R2pdkHAlEkcaoPzMOM3rHI7guyag00HnDf7DbOgnFOESxeZ_jl3l76dYrHaVN-HTv5FvvmQZnaxxmK7uX8TJqfUyDHK7DpSCNsMn4DbiiRsqKLgm9ZZ9tB/s4000/DSC05535.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWhQMA6iPIBG6F6P1wiaQVjVX1BLIFxzoU_WPGBa1l0Ozlk4HMOpuWh8P6t1RfTFWmyW6DG_R2pdkHAlEkcaoPzMOM3rHI7guyag00HnDf7DbOgnFOESxeZ_jl3l76dYrHaVN-HTv5FvvmQZnaxxmK7uX8TJqfUyDHK7DpSCNsMn4DbiiRsqKLgm9ZZ9tB/s320/DSC05535.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I don’t know if the goat (look closely eating hay) comes with the geode. But it was friendly,
and kids (and some adults) loved to oh and ah and pet it.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGhJ93mJRQD7PGnRsv-ZNFtNCLZSSF5z-fSI85RzgNg6kQhpnnbPkx8yR6_vkbfaBWsjtgsrE4ZlZ-GeQpo9yoa1dfqNpuEqMsXqsVtujZfnVaq5_PoN7tBZ3-iBrn9ogU6u9wMTJfguAeMGp3umQTFg98SwEDYL7qRNe0uiYRzqN96nOTbmG1pKCvARGu/s4000/DSC05536.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGhJ93mJRQD7PGnRsv-ZNFtNCLZSSF5z-fSI85RzgNg6kQhpnnbPkx8yR6_vkbfaBWsjtgsrE4ZlZ-GeQpo9yoa1dfqNpuEqMsXqsVtujZfnVaq5_PoN7tBZ3-iBrn9ogU6u9wMTJfguAeMGp3umQTFg98SwEDYL7qRNe0uiYRzqN96nOTbmG1pKCvARGu/s320/DSC05536.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">This is a mighty big concretion, about four feet tall.
Bring the loader and the truck.</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYnI7yx7klO49XT13__LJM4iFsBrOQ3YmpnfDcFh-2IjWRvLdRIR3uARtWep9Ay5yCVgc3zzksANSKD4kq8t3BEJt3yEsrNQ7fcnnqwtuRQPgDC08BdGT544sbfs9punqjZljfIeo1cFg8C1RT7Exu-Iga7j9j_MZGTZhazE4JSkqAPT6QOtJ3C6NY7kIu/s4000/DSC05537.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYnI7yx7klO49XT13__LJM4iFsBrOQ3YmpnfDcFh-2IjWRvLdRIR3uARtWep9Ay5yCVgc3zzksANSKD4kq8t3BEJt3yEsrNQ7fcnnqwtuRQPgDC08BdGT544sbfs9punqjZljfIeo1cFg8C1RT7Exu-Iga7j9j_MZGTZhazE4JSkqAPT6QOtJ3C6NY7kIu/s320/DSC05537.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPtPPaa8N3Yk2E-Oz4ymhauKlLf0WafIwYGtPq31L6plDa-s6GJLJ91z14nPZDMB_b1nrbcrKMlz-_5MXerMOCz0N1RcNokoUMfENQYcTNzu4T0U6CGr8NEVbuPqohXt0r1VY5mP1lxN7VrXy4OKJDt7P_SS_BCC1Qm753ihxXQQeCU-XGUlUNW2k6HSxQ/s4000/DSC05539.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPtPPaa8N3Yk2E-Oz4ymhauKlLf0WafIwYGtPq31L6plDa-s6GJLJ91z14nPZDMB_b1nrbcrKMlz-_5MXerMOCz0N1RcNokoUMfENQYcTNzu4T0U6CGr8NEVbuPqohXt0r1VY5mP1lxN7VrXy4OKJDt7P_SS_BCC1Qm753ihxXQQeCU-XGUlUNW2k6HSxQ/s320/DSC05539.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">This building is mostly filled with amethyst concretions.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJsw9acMZiAjHyn6DLunXBEbUxhYCnUY1k9tU8zNZUYV6_rXysWyAFTFTOdQZUqjfSklPB6O_lWtYjd87FNkpVAfAsIbBI9HoZboKTXquetNZZv-ARh8o4ZinptbrLY3WfXFxx53s1FBLcOBY2VweDY8JUGw2fP2zgozwGvGbRsL3dE1BRkQvKiOrsg-OV/s4000/DSC05542.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJsw9acMZiAjHyn6DLunXBEbUxhYCnUY1k9tU8zNZUYV6_rXysWyAFTFTOdQZUqjfSklPB6O_lWtYjd87FNkpVAfAsIbBI9HoZboKTXquetNZZv-ARh8o4ZinptbrLY3WfXFxx53s1FBLcOBY2VweDY8JUGw2fP2zgozwGvGbRsL3dE1BRkQvKiOrsg-OV/s320/DSC05542.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Shell of a giant clam, perhaps <i>Tridacna</i> sp. Today most
giant clam species are overexploited due to extensive harvesting for food
ornamental objects</span>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">After hunting around for “something” to take home from
the Kino Show, I finally found an answer in a lonely looking perky box mixed in
with some larger specimens: a quartz base topped with a porous and gnarly
looking mottramite, a lead copper vanadate [PbCu(VO4)(OH)], and then within a mottramite
vug, shiny gold. Wow, who could turn down a specimen of gold? Not me!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The mounted specimen came from the Shelby Mine, Gold
Basin District, White Hills, Mohave County, Arizona. The Gold Basin District
has a long history as an 1881 publication (see MinDat) noted mining started in
the 1870’s but remoteness from the base of supplies retarded developments of
the half dozen mines. Jump ahead to the present and TheDiggins.com noted the
District has~ 533 active claims and 19 producing mines. In addition, Gold Basin
Resources Corporation has leased/is leasing ~40 km2 in an active project to “mine”
gold from <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>shallow depths (surface to ~100 m or so). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And, the project is easily accessible by major
highways. Things have changed in the last 140 years).</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitOn5x9bvcINgri3lwaA2EjL3UmWOeah_zeUL3-CUaUIqUpVmqcGefKnAIzU0U7Y8geHhMk4YOzpWxc2Vivk6O-HD495tba5L5c_kxXJcfhggsoEV_dmjwYRCeiNt9D9LLeVlvSuK_KWv0s5V_IaocBAt4CRow3Wa9CiqNpiWwXciIJ40cIp2zyj_5FOz5/s768/gold33.BMP" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="655" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitOn5x9bvcINgri3lwaA2EjL3UmWOeah_zeUL3-CUaUIqUpVmqcGefKnAIzU0U7Y8geHhMk4YOzpWxc2Vivk6O-HD495tba5L5c_kxXJcfhggsoEV_dmjwYRCeiNt9D9LLeVlvSuK_KWv0s5V_IaocBAt4CRow3Wa9CiqNpiWwXciIJ40cIp2zyj_5FOz5/s320/gold33.BMP" width="273" /></a></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Quartz matrix, dark mottramite, and the shiny gold in
a vug. Width FOV ~5 mm.<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The bedrock is composed of Precambrian and Cretaceous
granite and gneiss. The richest mineralization seems to be stacked along major
fault zones. Thus far, the gold is oxidized and lacks sulfides and is prime for
heap leeching extraction. They are looking for investors!!!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And I close with something I tried to reinforce in my
students: <i>Your mind is like a gold mine, if you dig deep, you will find
something golden</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">author
unknown.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-78317000636615514472024-02-06T19:46:00.001-07:002024-02-10T19:49:10.746-07:00MILLISITE THE PHOSPHATE & 22ND STREET TUCSON 24 <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5GeAUUivlqxdMNaONnqoYGyYbJxlpQK-K4i8cerRJc_XKWbEMXXfqTFeFhZkFOLKTzkrjRDeR9rz9fQIGEQq08pwfM5ebLaioSOvF3qL6Wix97_3lq0dQOP4X8NrCxNNgZWBuEJczMyzzD47-N8z8JtijTWbCVMUO5drGRnsUyYDMdRAmSEWUkd8tiNAT/s4000/DSC05559.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="3000" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5GeAUUivlqxdMNaONnqoYGyYbJxlpQK-K4i8cerRJc_XKWbEMXXfqTFeFhZkFOLKTzkrjRDeR9rz9fQIGEQq08pwfM5ebLaioSOvF3qL6Wix97_3lq0dQOP4X8NrCxNNgZWBuEJczMyzzD47-N8z8JtijTWbCVMUO5drGRnsUyYDMdRAmSEWUkd8tiNAT/s320/DSC05559.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Well, 2024 is here!!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>No, not the 1<sup>st</sup> of January but the opening of mineral,
fossil, bead, and rock venues associated with the annual Tucson Gem and Mineral
Show (the main event). Best known simply as Tucson, the “main event” is
scheduled for February 8-11 at the downtown Tucson Convention Center; however,
there are somewhere around 50 other shows scattered around the city. These
secondary (and I use this term loosely) range in size from ~10 dealers to the
“giant” shows with more than 300 dealers. I don’t have the slightest idea about
the total number of dealers; however, 2500 are listed in the Tucson Show Guide,
and there are probably hundreds of “deals” consummated over dinners or in a
hotel rooms. <i>The Rock Yard</i> opened January 16<sup>th</sup> and will close
on February 9th while <i>Just Minerals and Crystals</i> opened for three days
over a weekend. Most of the larger shows seemed to open around the 25<sup>th</sup>
and 26<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first event
(sort of event) I attended on January 22<sup>nd</sup> and was an unlisted
“sale” of flats, greatly reduced in price, at the warehouse of Shannon’s
Minerals. Since I am not a dealer, I really did not need a flat of calcite
specimens! But I had fun just looking.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzid1gV2vIWGdBtYZQy315dzQyikKpPnQFtXOkaNad3DuQjJ5PwbIul2H_k-yznndoYKIrrtnXMbqiEKSOaNhhnoSojFgihzALZOQaiLCN8dW1fTlnDx8AVsPSrjebwqPXIwoyfjtQ5V9z5odX-mj-aCS6oO6J0-c0gEW-BW5aKfOuNOdgXp3PfnVjEy8y/s2592/DSC05487.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzid1gV2vIWGdBtYZQy315dzQyikKpPnQFtXOkaNad3DuQjJ5PwbIul2H_k-yznndoYKIrrtnXMbqiEKSOaNhhnoSojFgihzALZOQaiLCN8dW1fTlnDx8AVsPSrjebwqPXIwoyfjtQ5V9z5odX-mj-aCS6oO6J0-c0gEW-BW5aKfOuNOdgXp3PfnVjEy8y/w405-h303/DSC05487.JPG" width="405" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;">The entrance to the north end of the tent: three walking aisles with "booths". </span><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">My first major show attended was the “giant” 22<sup>nd</sup>
Street venue. Here ~300+? dealers are crammed into a series of very large tents
hooked together, or in very close proximity and stretching about a fifth of a
mile. The show reminded me of the old Clint Eastwood movie, The Good, the Bad,
and the Ugly. The “ugly was the parking situation. Past visitors know the
gravel parking lot is adjacent to the tents, full of large potholes, and this
year was full of water! The concessionaire gets your $10 fee going in the gate and
then one hopes for a vacant space. During my visit I was in a large line of
cars essentially going around in a circle as virtually no one was leaving the
show at 10:20 a.m. and empty spaces were unavailable. For some unknown reason
the car valet stopped in front of my vehicle and said, “we just found two
spaces down at the end—head that-a-way” and so I splashed quickly thru the mud
and water to the empty space. There were still 30 or so vehicles in line with
no empty space “that-a-way” and more arriving thru the gate. Tempers were
flaring, drivers were shouting, and the care valets were throwing up their
arms. I quickly parked and disappeared into a tent.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwjhyrqcPccm4WaDUIrjTPW6rddhZJmGWK8DO5e8rsjOZ0ArKTlgZs4r8CGB2z2VyHQs-XuQbCMyM5LkvE0gHvPiqdAsfD9WOLgwy1zD0PClisJbtzMS4c_4h2YMKLmnqySRqskpRrRLj2jYKTd7NJGvRR7SVyc5fr918WwYby0jA-hUEtLBg4JFEvkhDS/s2592/DSC05517.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwjhyrqcPccm4WaDUIrjTPW6rddhZJmGWK8DO5e8rsjOZ0ArKTlgZs4r8CGB2z2VyHQs-XuQbCMyM5LkvE0gHvPiqdAsfD9WOLgwy1zD0PClisJbtzMS4c_4h2YMKLmnqySRqskpRrRLj2jYKTd7NJGvRR7SVyc5fr918WwYby0jA-hUEtLBg4JFEvkhDS/s320/DSC05517.JPG" width="320" /></a></p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">The devil, or maybe a cast (of me) from one of my former students???</span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK2TwgK1b1CayphRVmTE6mr6CmjnNpD5Bq_JDnOPg1US821Gb4D_NInXcnVJ7iIUf_UXowQhuiIq_hscBC8B-eOtI8J2b8Nwm0BcA27Tj0RgAV85Iq2_aYZzaiBGmImj0w26CjYiVp7Qz5Q47GNvqv_iYxoQRZl4qvl3lbSTPrnIbPp4Rpi1su8eSpgw7-/s2592/DSC05512.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2592" data-original-width="1944" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK2TwgK1b1CayphRVmTE6mr6CmjnNpD5Bq_JDnOPg1US821Gb4D_NInXcnVJ7iIUf_UXowQhuiIq_hscBC8B-eOtI8J2b8Nwm0BcA27Tj0RgAV85Iq2_aYZzaiBGmImj0w26CjYiVp7Qz5Q47GNvqv_iYxoQRZl4qvl3lbSTPrnIbPp4Rpi1su8eSpgw7-/s320/DSC05512.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_6dcWSPvE1MHAmTO7QHwhAfKD6p7uxw8e8NTfTqWzAVhrnjEr_GP4K3vq1vfShyphenhyphenCGae2OqUiQg_2ZCR22mXSwqDwZVw_6R5u5eD1QJloWYdO4-DIDJGd-FqG1uVr97f2kQe46CYHRSJ3tCEPMR-tEQpfS6nPVsQd6lgYKvEaJ2gloHS_iCFIqzcmFPXEC/s2592/DSC05509.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_6dcWSPvE1MHAmTO7QHwhAfKD6p7uxw8e8NTfTqWzAVhrnjEr_GP4K3vq1vfShyphenhyphenCGae2OqUiQg_2ZCR22mXSwqDwZVw_6R5u5eD1QJloWYdO4-DIDJGd-FqG1uVr97f2kQe46CYHRSJ3tCEPMR-tEQpfS6nPVsQd6lgYKvEaJ2gloHS_iCFIqzcmFPXEC/s320/DSC05509.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlH1-_2MM4FQuPsG7qex_1m07tSoTXUVj1s-aMgxxbXBpGzMbZCL5PSwASzOldB-hLlt_GB5m50Kw-OLctkewB-5q6cfxhRpjkRetw1ByJcqvW06E_knOnER0qkZuhYzvzdMuQJ2fDyo4XyAHaNE7TNkfPyGURu0tKp-Y_6RzTG9zz6zEDFu9n-R58cgCs/s2592/DSC05507.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlH1-_2MM4FQuPsG7qex_1m07tSoTXUVj1s-aMgxxbXBpGzMbZCL5PSwASzOldB-hLlt_GB5m50Kw-OLctkewB-5q6cfxhRpjkRetw1ByJcqvW06E_knOnER0qkZuhYzvzdMuQJ2fDyo4XyAHaNE7TNkfPyGURu0tKp-Y_6RzTG9zz6zEDFu9n-R58cgCs/s320/DSC05507.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Above three photos: fish and palm fronds from the Eocene lake beds of the Green River Formation near Kemmerer, Wyoming.</span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8sgNgZLrpJwt7GdevdzpArqbMkImbmXg1dUPmrJL0ZFYh7LT-t2YQYPJrfxBBPsiY9lwyBUEmhQCnUfgUlRVaJBRuf6a5_bLZ0hTj3BVUekhgyh7YmwaOOLtl94YwlPocEBYGtJd5q_tug2upM5_lF-sU-MI6IduDZsd0uCjgQJtEHk265455idco9lbe/s2592/DSC05505.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8sgNgZLrpJwt7GdevdzpArqbMkImbmXg1dUPmrJL0ZFYh7LT-t2YQYPJrfxBBPsiY9lwyBUEmhQCnUfgUlRVaJBRuf6a5_bLZ0hTj3BVUekhgyh7YmwaOOLtl94YwlPocEBYGtJd5q_tug2upM5_lF-sU-MI6IduDZsd0uCjgQJtEHk265455idco9lbe/s320/DSC05505.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">A little paleo, sort of.</span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_NdWC7i4ZyF6npbbOC6FCqWJbVS7VQZTkb7w-ZGfEE6sg6wTlEoA4zqbA5PQuGTgarj9Ye9_k6a2yTZXWT8TKssUDgxDTHtetE-29jPJNa1koKnE6aHR6pIR0tqyPUoRnSRw2yw4UM_3ulDm1rNqC0zFG8T0plrI7eRT0jkTUj1cbK63Uyp_rLf3mcXlV/s2592/DSC05504.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_NdWC7i4ZyF6npbbOC6FCqWJbVS7VQZTkb7w-ZGfEE6sg6wTlEoA4zqbA5PQuGTgarj9Ye9_k6a2yTZXWT8TKssUDgxDTHtetE-29jPJNa1koKnE6aHR6pIR0tqyPUoRnSRw2yw4UM_3ulDm1rNqC0zFG8T0plrI7eRT0jkTUj1cbK63Uyp_rLf3mcXlV/w429-h322/DSC05504.JPG" width="429" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">And better vert paleo.</span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnowAbrjaOfTWzi-DkcBP04eb2zAr4p_UM-OI1n8r0KLz4i-_kxlKcP1ifm7kVzyiugnSiKN4qKKTA5l4VaGd_AkpY03UhPLXaIh26_tObMTCePMZtQl1lpTIKUb8K7-OYNAKn1kHKGxpUQt-RT7H1TluRxFG8wmkh0xx41Pl6MNaHU1nemcPUy57LBut9/s2592/DSC05503.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnowAbrjaOfTWzi-DkcBP04eb2zAr4p_UM-OI1n8r0KLz4i-_kxlKcP1ifm7kVzyiugnSiKN4qKKTA5l4VaGd_AkpY03UhPLXaIh26_tObMTCePMZtQl1lpTIKUb8K7-OYNAKn1kHKGxpUQt-RT7H1TluRxFG8wmkh0xx41Pl6MNaHU1nemcPUy57LBut9/s320/DSC05503.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">No rock and mineral show is without plenty of beads.</span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguh1k5uAinFO3NaUMK9QOttIrYMVfxb7ky2LCn0lE-wimSq05lxiBT7EhpkgFBjApdE4A_CHzen_xgBRd5rJloUcWX9_DklL0LmR2bOKzZfpCheBRJcqAV-OWOsFGO-E6kHr19tk7e26fTx4FHEY_cyWWzvuVGOU-OKN9fGsWC48n7sY_SnQ8KKKOPuJKE/s2592/DSC05501.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguh1k5uAinFO3NaUMK9QOttIrYMVfxb7ky2LCn0lE-wimSq05lxiBT7EhpkgFBjApdE4A_CHzen_xgBRd5rJloUcWX9_DklL0LmR2bOKzZfpCheBRJcqAV-OWOsFGO-E6kHr19tk7e26fTx4FHEY_cyWWzvuVGOU-OKN9fGsWC48n7sY_SnQ8KKKOPuJKE/s320/DSC05501.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Golden Hills Turquoise is "rare, unique, and pricey" and is found in the Altyn-Tyube mine in Kazakhstan.</span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVUmeH4yQ343MCbGxMkIH7KUM_woH1okwSsoFhBJhlj8BgxuQguSsJosUg2Pu4fMJajurRdTAsEUcPX60ZDNdtig_IeRDhfT93FK_lDggTpayqsUjPVETgH0iDULVDGtZ9FZ4RQVYc3fl0szHaBR-cBGITeErqurFnZ_mBNEiCwxIFfivXuJcW0mlp8dJI/s2592/DSC05500.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVUmeH4yQ343MCbGxMkIH7KUM_woH1okwSsoFhBJhlj8BgxuQguSsJosUg2Pu4fMJajurRdTAsEUcPX60ZDNdtig_IeRDhfT93FK_lDggTpayqsUjPVETgH0iDULVDGtZ9FZ4RQVYc3fl0szHaBR-cBGITeErqurFnZ_mBNEiCwxIFfivXuJcW0mlp8dJI/s320/DSC05500.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">A nice stibnite beyond my price range. But nice to see a mineral.</span></span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicJogKm2rCtEnXt_KK2DrwE2fthLcRb7yEkB4OZLakRspQPxVDw6gwhD7eYS6QnzM5wJiLzne4U6HOI51ccafz_tqnUS88VS2eCTqhSIT4vwLnr8rki5omlEDC3TvyN637IZ7SU96O-hJLsCtP7zalsUfgQxSv411RQAmkNzJe7zEyCFq0vBRPDSdEHwZE/s4000/DSC05493.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="292" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicJogKm2rCtEnXt_KK2DrwE2fthLcRb7yEkB4OZLakRspQPxVDw6gwhD7eYS6QnzM5wJiLzne4U6HOI51ccafz_tqnUS88VS2eCTqhSIT4vwLnr8rki5omlEDC3TvyN637IZ7SU96O-hJLsCtP7zalsUfgQxSv411RQAmkNzJe7zEyCFq0vBRPDSdEHwZE/w389-h292/DSC05493.JPG" width="389" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">And what do we have here? Minerals? Fossils? Rocks? Beads? Who knows. </span><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8c1105HQsa1QNePWIJREnoj_nWK02RNPoooCfNIDxwgTnV5fPZfZKB7ckvdXyhkJVaCnKIcRzALLlT6DBncmTurTK0CIeWPUsyZJT0F7q6DGR7xFVgX370NPFoAMZK1lYlQaDAJRGZpW5q2vvOiwhW65BQ7u8v3MWu-hznRfE9n3SDLR6HFtO1Qle3Ycp/s4000/DSC05492.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8c1105HQsa1QNePWIJREnoj_nWK02RNPoooCfNIDxwgTnV5fPZfZKB7ckvdXyhkJVaCnKIcRzALLlT6DBncmTurTK0CIeWPUsyZJT0F7q6DGR7xFVgX370NPFoAMZK1lYlQaDAJRGZpW5q2vvOiwhW65BQ7u8v3MWu-hznRfE9n3SDLR6HFtO1Qle3Ycp/w440-h330/DSC05492.JPG" width="440" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Finally, a few minerals. None interest me.</span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMvND-EC1FypqoA6pxBicGsQ7xz0YGqAL4wA7lEKcSZ5M90jCby4zxUYoJqlCwlU5UPdvhg_rOAKmyQs_yIYDwyMuXXYz-meFZi_DXRN7g26cmc_thpObbSKuOrpQvEne_idppWCoWxikuJcDWej2bR4zRsstDtAIjaXnxcHYg7Ql_AHirzedJrpQsR-K5/s2592/DSC05490.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMvND-EC1FypqoA6pxBicGsQ7xz0YGqAL4wA7lEKcSZ5M90jCby4zxUYoJqlCwlU5UPdvhg_rOAKmyQs_yIYDwyMuXXYz-meFZi_DXRN7g26cmc_thpObbSKuOrpQvEne_idppWCoWxikuJcDWej2bR4zRsstDtAIjaXnxcHYg7Ql_AHirzedJrpQsR-K5/s320/DSC05490.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyFM-mh5x4S-g2sKeJX9wmnqAWMPncvAmIcOhvP9aJ9Nb5449fftDjVdza7_VUxZyfgIeKX332w6wHieftRqEnx87GcRdRrDBlKams76hBpWa9HXcPzLfTrXX3XkkQrdpzEOqBrYsCO9lE8ttssZJV3tuq14PmroFCu6_DpvOsB0B0XDDHUrcGyeW6-pIC/s2592/DSC05489.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyFM-mh5x4S-g2sKeJX9wmnqAWMPncvAmIcOhvP9aJ9Nb5449fftDjVdza7_VUxZyfgIeKX332w6wHieftRqEnx87GcRdRrDBlKams76hBpWa9HXcPzLfTrXX3XkkQrdpzEOqBrYsCO9lE8ttssZJV3tuq14PmroFCu6_DpvOsB0B0XDDHUrcGyeW6-pIC/s320/DSC05489.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Big spheres or small spheres. You pick.</span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO9NlUo0cMPLbbooWdUjg6VUfDLi3lu1AHho4Gh4ypyS2hsOS8Ne-JRA2XrdPqDQh5M1PaigsxhTo_ZNp-32rZGjm4QHCpYaBDIbkkohmHlTtvjPGHVivChIO_KIRjzDktIlUJQs8Qe-su07gpdinIMge_M7idquTHgqO2yxAMMFJ-ym7lJFtMhr65lUh0/s2592/DSC05488.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO9NlUo0cMPLbbooWdUjg6VUfDLi3lu1AHho4Gh4ypyS2hsOS8Ne-JRA2XrdPqDQh5M1PaigsxhTo_ZNp-32rZGjm4QHCpYaBDIbkkohmHlTtvjPGHVivChIO_KIRjzDktIlUJQs8Qe-su07gpdinIMge_M7idquTHgqO2yxAMMFJ-ym7lJFtMhr65lUh0/s320/DSC05488.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">And of course some mats so your specimens don't scratch the coffee table. </span></span><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">For the “bad” scene I offer a quote from a MinDat
reader and commenter, <i>for us, 22nd Street was mostly a bust. For the most
part though, it seems these shows have turned into more trinket/metaphysical
fairs than places for mineral specimens. </i>And I say, Amen brother,
Amen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">For the “good” stuff, I did have a nice visit with a
Pakistani dealer I purchased from in past years; however, nothing really caught
my eye this year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I also talked a little
paleo with Craig from Rocky Mountain Dinosaur Resource Center in Woodland Park,
Yooper minerals with Michigan Rocks and Minerals, and Colorado minerals with
Amanda at USA Mined Gems and Minerals. And I came home with two small silver
chains (for future gifts), and a perky box on a busy shelf with a lonely
looking mineral. However, the “best of the good” was the Curry Pot food trailer
parked in the lunch area. I await their Sri Lankan food each year. I suppose,
that in retrospect, it was a pleasant way to spend a January day.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR_mKx3Fx91wBNcnClVXOXSw5LZm7dUnSwCF1G1KEmrQDCskjTjapV2QN8QgoYxFRQ-6TqUgzF4UiRwepPHT0UxDGBof2LDqagwRzGonpDM8GH9Dkf0EbxJSkbqFvS4JPFGCH5yXbzsyCrTl3ldfxQOB54ZiWjWusue4CDePmwBZtp1VWrEuTSdH0ewpNf/s2592/DSC05506.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR_mKx3Fx91wBNcnClVXOXSw5LZm7dUnSwCF1G1KEmrQDCskjTjapV2QN8QgoYxFRQ-6TqUgzF4UiRwepPHT0UxDGBof2LDqagwRzGonpDM8GH9Dkf0EbxJSkbqFvS4JPFGCH5yXbzsyCrTl3ldfxQOB54ZiWjWusue4CDePmwBZtp1VWrEuTSdH0ewpNf/s320/DSC05506.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Curry Pot. Amazing lunch.<br /> </span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">My lonely perky box contains sort of an average
specimen of crandallite, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a rather
uncommon hydrated calcium aluminum phosphate [CaAl<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>5</sub>-2H<sub>2</sub>O]
that often is associated with the phosphates variscite and
wardite. I suppose that when most rockhounds think about collectable
and colorful crandallite and variscite, the Little Green Monster Mine in Utah
County, Utah, pops up, along with the names Ed Over and Art
Montgomery. Over was a mineral collector from Colorado Springs and
teamed with college professor (Lafayette College) and mineral dealer Art
Montgomery. Together in a few short years the dynamic duo brought to
market and museums pounds/tons of spectacular mineral specimens including topaz
from Pikes Peak, red wulfenite from the Red Cloud Mine in Arizona, various
minerals from the high-altitude Mt. Antero, Colorado, green epidote from Prince
of Wales Island in Alaska, and the variscite from Fairfield, Utah (near the
south end of the Oquirrh Mountains). They worked the Little Green
Monster Mine for a few short years in the late 1930s and brought out the
colorful phosphate nodules by wheelbarrows. Today the mine is closed
(maybe-maybe not), and virtually all Little Green Monster Mine specimens are
decades old, and many are really quite expensive (four to five
figures). My specimen seemed like a real bargain!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Variscite [AlPO<sub>4</sub>-2H<sub>2</sub>O] is the
original phosphate and formed in dense microcrystalline nodules with trace
amounts of chromium and phosphorous imparting the green
color. Crandallite seems the first alteration mineral to form as
variscite picks up and adds calcium from solution. Normally colorless,
trace iron gives the Utah crandallite a yellow color. Numerous other
exotic phosphates such as wardite, englishite, gordonite, millisite,
montgomeryite and overite are also present at the Little Green Monster. I specifically
purchased this perky box due to the presence of millsite with the crandallite.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDYxIB82xPO4Gi7CG6BzU2jl3l5mjknVjU7kKPSxo_UGvbe1kjbsR1f1Jzl-eUKGxnr4ydLXf65L2C0HYInrFqEOVvQfx81YS4kqwjInzSvco4dzEMPCrOIIes-xJqTLRbq3H3lYUMfFLKLTRMinH5A74PP0VbXg7VrK_zr7MoZgcoFn89oJOmdIRTouD7/s1024/milliscite1.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDYxIB82xPO4Gi7CG6BzU2jl3l5mjknVjU7kKPSxo_UGvbe1kjbsR1f1Jzl-eUKGxnr4ydLXf65L2C0HYInrFqEOVvQfx81YS4kqwjInzSvco4dzEMPCrOIIes-xJqTLRbq3H3lYUMfFLKLTRMinH5A74PP0VbXg7VrK_zr7MoZgcoFn89oJOmdIRTouD7/s320/milliscite1.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">White, milky, crusty millisite with "gray" wardite. Width FOV ~6 mm. </span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLqdEujcT17n3ZC6T0jTvnnUGeBmwDFKZwasHtmPCXeCnAWqGQ2-7yP3fIvVi4-vVcZtWZo2JwUMe1yk6eCbvLvUwvZ64w98p2GtI73xOCFLUDzohOjTDBFjL3dVzV5uw3g3y1oPRqFw5zeRD79br6gFlEftjozJdZvNx2r4QrFK0IwLALKHlSJSXiVS4w/s1024/millisite3.JPG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLqdEujcT17n3ZC6T0jTvnnUGeBmwDFKZwasHtmPCXeCnAWqGQ2-7yP3fIvVi4-vVcZtWZo2JwUMe1yk6eCbvLvUwvZ64w98p2GtI73xOCFLUDzohOjTDBFjL3dVzV5uw3g3y1oPRqFw5zeRD79br6gFlEftjozJdZvNx2r4QrFK0IwLALKHlSJSXiVS4w/s320/millisite3.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Botryoidal crandallite with white <span>splotches of millisite. Width FOV ~6 mm.</span> </span></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONrPU5lPpLNQCIvXvtd_if_VhCBndm6J32vJywvb7Ghp_aca1CvtAs-3ImXnYWgePZWv3h-1UW4dISDHPfac2ak8XbvetRn7Kjq3QHW2W_9NR7GWlfeuaqwCL22Xvkgw3E-3mPm_L_OsPIyk71araIez61tgrJNF5qLu8ByBvzELaX8fYJxkkyWQstGXe/s1024/millisite.BMP" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgONrPU5lPpLNQCIvXvtd_if_VhCBndm6J32vJywvb7Ghp_aca1CvtAs-3ImXnYWgePZWv3h-1UW4dISDHPfac2ak8XbvetRn7Kjq3QHW2W_9NR7GWlfeuaqwCL22Xvkgw3E-3mPm_L_OsPIyk71araIez61tgrJNF5qLu8ByBvzELaX8fYJxkkyWQstGXe/w394-h295/millisite.BMP" width="394" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Lots of tiny phosphates with botryoidal crandallite, some white millisite, green variscite, some gray wardite, and who knows what else. Width FOV ~5 mm. </span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Millisite is another one of those rather rare
secondary phosphates that attracts the attention of collectors simply because
it is “there.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike many of these other
secondary phosphates millisite is colorless or chalky white in color, perhaps
even a washed-out light green—really not a very pretty mineral. Under very high
magnification millisite shows crystals composed of fibers; however, with my
microscopes and magnification I really am unable to observe these fibers.
Millisite [(Na,K)CaAl<sub>6</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>9</sub>·3<a name="_Hlk157782258">H<sub>2</sub>O</a>], like crandallite and variscite, is a hydrated
phosphate (note the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O in
the chemistry). Millisite is sort of the forgotten, plain looking guy in the
sliced and polished phosphate nodules from Fairfield. It is closely related to wardite,
a mineral that seems to lack sodium and calcium (as found in millisite).
Wardite often shows small crystals that are unlike the spherules and crusts of
millisite. However, the gray to clear wardite often occurs directly with
millisite and is very tough for an old plugger like me to identify. At any
rate, the nodules from Fairfield/Clay Canyon have a fascinating array of
minerals.</span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Although best known as a minor constituent from
Fairfield, I located a 1960 article (Owens, Altschuler and Berman) describing “
millisite…and crandallite…[as] <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>major
components of the aluminum phosphate zone of the Bone Valley formation of
west-central Florida, where they occur as a microcrystalline intergrowth
composing the cement in the altered phosphorite.” </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">REFERENCES
CITED</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Owens, J.P., Z.S. Altschuler, and R. Berman, 1960,
Millisite in phosphorite from Homeland, Florida: American Mineralogist, vol.
45, no. 5-6.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><i><span style="line-height: 107%;">S</span></i><span style="line-height: 107%;"><i>o</i></span></span><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><i>metimes all you can do is say, WOW. </i></span></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%;">Kevin Henkes</span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium; line-height: 107%;"><i><br /></i></span></p>
Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-61352412475006839482024-01-12T21:43:00.002-07:002024-01-14T21:13:29.901-07:00KEEP YOUR EYES ON THE ROAD: GARNETS AT BIG COTTONWOOD <p> <span style="font-family: arial;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">Oh, keep your eyes on the road, your hands upon
the wheel<br />
Keep your eyes on the road, your hands upon the wheel<br />
Yeah, we're going to the mountains<br />
Gonna have a real<br />
A good time ***</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">In Fall1967 as I, and my spouse, were moving to Salt
Lake City and the University of Utah, I was dreaming about becoming a “mountain
man,” or at least a geologist who works in the mountains. After all, that is a
major reason why I decided on Salt Lake City---it was in the mountains. Or so I
thought, maybe something like Durango, Colorado! My first shock was coming out
of the Colorado mountains and hitting the high desert of the Piceance and Uinta
Basins along U.S. 40 as it crossed the Utah and Colorado state line. Where were
my Utah mountains? All we could see were scrub trees and sage. I wanted high
peaks with an early snowfall. Did this part of the state ever receive snow, or
even rain? My spouse might have suggested that we turn around and head---where?
Not back to my home in Kansas, and besides, the only “money-earning” position I
had was a NDEA Title IV Fellowship at the University. I am certain she thought,
“where is my new husband, a geologist, taking me?” He promised me mountains
with high peaks! Don’t worry, the map states we cross the 10,000+ feet Wasatch
Mountains before we reach Salt Lake City. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">We finally approached the small town of Park City (it
was small at that time) and there it was—the eastern flank of the Wasatch
Mountains, and they looked magnificent. The 1959 Pontiac pulling a small
trailer started winding our way up to Parley’s Summit to ~7100 feet and then we
then started down, really rolling down, “like there ain’t no hills like this in
Kansas Toto” (and that was my second shock). Seems like we traversed the ~12
miles to the mouth of the canyon, losing ~3000 feet, in about 5 minutes (well
maybe a tad longer) but we were really rolling. You could smell those old
asbestos brake shoes a’burning. Although a flatlander, I did have the “brains”
to gear down and keep my passenger from hiding on the floor but still thinking,
“Oh my God, where is he taking me.” </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">My third shock came as we flew through the mouth of
the canyon and discovered that Salt Like City was not exactly “in the
mountains” but was spread over a very large valley, a really large city
(250,000 at that time) considering that both of us grew up in towns with less
than 400 inhabitants, including dogs. My previous schools in Hays, Kansas, and Vermilion, South Dakota, were not exactly in urban metropolises! </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I'm
goin' up the country, baby, don't you wanna go?<br />
I'm goin' up the country, baby, don't you wanna go?<br />
I'm goin' to someplace where I've never been before**</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And then my fourth shock of the day sort of smacked me
between the eyes---where do we go? The simple answer was just keep driving
west. Finally, we arrived at the beginning of the Great Salt Lake Desert and
the last cluster of SLC buildings. I pulled over and decided that if we kept on
going west, we would hit Reno, Nevada, the next morning! Not a smart move for
me and less so for my passenger who was thinking “where on God’s earth is he
taking me.” So, I made a critical decision and decided to get a cheap hotel
(easy to do in that part of town) and make decisions in the morning. We parted
with a little of our scarce money and asked the motel manager if we could leave
our trailer for the day as we hunted for an apartment. I am certain that he
felt sorry for a couple of scared flatlander kids who seemed quite lost (and we
were).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">So, the next day, off we go trying to find the
University and secure a “cheap” apartment close enough that I could walk to
classes. And after less than two weeks of marriage, and numerous small
setbacks, the romantic that I am told me to pick up my new bride and carry her
across the threshold of our “new, cheap” apartment, and so I did 56 and a half
years ago. And on all those future field trips where we traversed deserts and
mountains and flatlands, and canoed rivers and lakes, and got lost (really just
misplaced) I am certain that she thought, “where on God’s green earth is he
taking me now?”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And it turned out that although the University was not
“exactly” in the mountains, we could walk from my classrooms to the rock
outcrops on the western flank. And that started our lifelong love affair with
the Wasatch Mountains and Salt Lake City and the entire state. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEAB6M_GYAdIiL7AkUPTS5_N_AZXRM5QBWPRlzcUqL_OCnCfBr6cL2bIXE_5G2e7tEiHQlgOnu2aLcMJ4ePH1b65ojIlVv2FU6d9BF8v-uaTK_Mpim_7RAEaysXg4R7G_TQ_vmN8k-Zch1Ktt1-bNnAAQms-_NRYi64LsXTj-muaoPsJAGCAnjIyJpQnDM/s6638/wasatch.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4425" data-original-width="6638" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEAB6M_GYAdIiL7AkUPTS5_N_AZXRM5QBWPRlzcUqL_OCnCfBr6cL2bIXE_5G2e7tEiHQlgOnu2aLcMJ4ePH1b65ojIlVv2FU6d9BF8v-uaTK_Mpim_7RAEaysXg4R7G_TQ_vmN8k-Zch1Ktt1-bNnAAQms-_NRYi64LsXTj-muaoPsJAGCAnjIyJpQnDM/w443-h295/wasatch.jpg" width="443" /></a></span></p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Wasatch Mountains looking east. </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="rTNyH RZQOk BYUog" style="font-family: arial;">Photo by Brent Pace on Unsplash. Public Domain.<br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">As we settled into a routine in our first home and at the
University, we found time on Saturdays to start visiting the local sites: Great
Salt Lake, the Oquirrh Mountains with the Bingham Copper Mine and the greater Tintic
mining area, and the Wasatch Mountains. These nearby mountains are the major
north-south range in Utah and follow the Wasatch Fault from about the Idaho
border south to near Nephi where Mt. Nebo, the highest mountain in the Wasatch,
anchors the southern point. At this location the mountains transition into the
Wasatch Plateau where elevations on this rather flat area are consistently
above 8000 feet. Physiographically the Wasatch Mountains are part of the Central
Rocky Mountains and the Wasatch Fault marks the eastern boundary of the Great
Basin (Basin and Range), a province that extends west to the Sierra Nevada
Mountains (and therefore includes the Salt Lake Valley and the City).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Near Salt Lake City the benches (former beaches of Pleistocene
Lake Bonneville) follow the mountains like a bathtub ring. I spent a
substantial number of later years looking for, and excavating, Pleistocene
mammals from “gravel pits” in these beach deposits---a story for another time.
But in 1967 I was fascinated by looking up to the east edge of the city where Mt.
Olympus (9000+ feet), Twin Peaks (11,330 feet), and Lone Peak (~11,000 feet)
dominate the scenery---we followed the Yellow Brick Road to the high mountains
Toto.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Besides the proximity of the Wasatch to the City, the inhabitants
have access to a number of canyons with beautiful clear water streams roaring
down to the valley. I soon learned that Mill Creek, although not of great
length, had an accompanying road, was less crowded (although not at present),
and supported a good fish population.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">However, the two Cottonwood Canyons (Big and Little),
both reached from roads in the Valley, attracted most of the attention then,
and now.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1967 I was fascinated by the
geology in both canyons and that interest remains today. The north canyon is
Big Cottonwood where the first 6 miles are twisty and narrow (V shape) along a beautiful
rock-strewn stream. Halfway up there is a dramatic change in scenery as suddenly
the canyon widens (U shape) and the stream seems partially blocked by
sediments, shrub willows, and rocks before lazily continuing to the settlement
of Brighton. The mess of boulders and sediment is an end moraine of a mountain
glacier that only made it partway down to Lake Bonneville from its cirque at
Brighton.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnyaGbNOUlQ4qyKo-asZPgZyvehajuUAKknG58oqsAx_dhhqdeb2S7v5t35GX1OUN1sMg3wl-XoXuj49ub6fgqWz1lTRlMkpF7J8DYLP-UfxayOhQe67x-Mh9ULzhOXZ98lQcAemi5riiPjZcucSd6TUHEngJWCUSVmU5mkia4yw_gQlGc3PQpo6lpqaCH/s400/BibCottonwood.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnyaGbNOUlQ4qyKo-asZPgZyvehajuUAKknG58oqsAx_dhhqdeb2S7v5t35GX1OUN1sMg3wl-XoXuj49ub6fgqWz1lTRlMkpF7J8DYLP-UfxayOhQe67x-Mh9ULzhOXZ98lQcAemi5riiPjZcucSd6TUHEngJWCUSVmU5mkia4yw_gQlGc3PQpo6lpqaCH/s320/BibCottonwood.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
glacier in Big Cottonwood Canyon reached about half-way down and deposited a
terminal moraine—with a nice U-shaped canyon extending upstream to Brighton.</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">In my opinion, 1967 Brighton was one of the most
beautiful locations in Utah. It sits in a cirque that was the headquarters for
the mountain glacier, had a small rustic log lodge, and was the oldest ski
resort in Utah (1936). The glorious small Silver Lake in the cirque has a trail
around it and attracts fish as well as moose. Of course, 2024 Brighton has
changed! The rustic lodge is still there but the ski resort has greatly
expanded in size. The building of new structures seems somewhat restricted so
there is still the old timey feeling. Silver Lake is still occupied by moose
and fish and now has an ADA-approved wooden boardwalk surrounding it. However,
on the way down to the mouth of the Canyon and SLC, visitors notice an
abundance of new homes scattered in the trees, businesses lining the highway
and all of the buildings associated with a large ski resort, Solitude. In 1957
the “resort” opened with a couple of chairlifts repurposed from discarded
mining equipment. By 1967 it was still a very small, family-type resort. By 1989
Utah’s first high speed quad lift had arrived, and by 1995, the resort condos
had sprung up, skiable acres had expanded, and a major ski resort was present.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">How can days and happenings and moments so good become so
quickly ugly, and for no reason, for no real reason? Just—change. With nothing
causing it.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">― Philip K. Dick </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgp6KrkPz48uQK_s_R8XFl9fk-AEI_DLomg6VPbAi8QApbANqejRYUWVWw82KEa9FpRXE4fgkM7AuagUyLmJQQvBiwEPyXffCRQ8ZNploiPFlgb-RBQ3M4d1TjkPW1jYJCuEZh3rUGwmnwgoqgr-tVIUcqaOmaf70ZnMcMeihcL4QK0gAQOWPX1j5C4M2d/s400/littlewood.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgp6KrkPz48uQK_s_R8XFl9fk-AEI_DLomg6VPbAi8QApbANqejRYUWVWw82KEa9FpRXE4fgkM7AuagUyLmJQQvBiwEPyXffCRQ8ZNploiPFlgb-RBQ3M4d1TjkPW1jYJCuEZh3rUGwmnwgoqgr-tVIUcqaOmaf70ZnMcMeihcL4QK0gAQOWPX1j5C4M2d/s320/littlewood.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mouth
of Little Cottonwood Canyon showing the characteristic U-shape of the glacially
scoured canyon.</span></span><span face=""Aptos",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Little Cottonwood Canyon is the next major canyon to
the south and is distinctly different from its next-door neighbor. The State
Route 210 and Little Cottonwood Creek essentially run from the Canyon mouth in
a fairly straight line for about eight miles to the summit and the community of
Alta, one of the more famous old mining towns in Utah. The road and creek
follow a beautiful U-shaped valley from top to bottom that was carved by a Pleistocene
mountain glacier. Unlike the situation in Big Cottonwood, the glacier extended
the entire length of the Canyon and further west into Lake Bonneville. Alta is
one of the oldest and largest ski resorts in Utah and shares some terrain with
its downstream resort neighbor, Snowbird. Near the entrance to the Canyon is Temple
Quarry where giant blocks of quartz monzonite, granodiorite, and granite were
quarried and transported to center Salt Lake City for use in the construction
of the Temple of the Latter Day Saints (AKA Mormons). </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgPdhuryfRdBSFE0r-NS8QDz-zc5o5qoz4AgX1KLtxYSpqAl4jQ7sstpl4TAtsWWzpyliNsovMsxtQ0LkFkk108-2g1D9QpzgQy58MOmXZYSfMOQB-OKJpFoJAi-VOdnD_cadpsNM9uHBy3sQkoOE1s1TKrBJxnp4X9llq2yUeZbKrLnznOdJob2SqBTMj/s2048/salt-lake-city-temple-utah.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgPdhuryfRdBSFE0r-NS8QDz-zc5o5qoz4AgX1KLtxYSpqAl4jQ7sstpl4TAtsWWzpyliNsovMsxtQ0LkFkk108-2g1D9QpzgQy58MOmXZYSfMOQB-OKJpFoJAi-VOdnD_cadpsNM9uHBy3sQkoOE1s1TKrBJxnp4X9llq2yUeZbKrLnznOdJob2SqBTMj/w377-h283/salt-lake-city-temple-utah.jpg" width="377" /></a></div></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">LDS Temple downtown Salt Lake City constructed of locally quarried "granite." Photo Public Domain.</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">During my stay at the University the Canyons provided
some fantastic field trips, both formal and informal. Warm fall weather allowed
for numerous excursions up the Canyons with picnic lunches in tow while winter
snows turned the area into a winter wonderland. I was not a downhill skier for
a couple of reasons: 1) the cost was too prohibitive for a student; and 2) my
entire degree depended upon summer field work to support my research and a “broken
leg” would put the kibosh on that activity.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Formally, the graduate classes allowed us to study the
Canyons in great detail (at least for a student), and we always helped with the
field trips associated with introductory geology classes. At that time in my
early career my primary interest was in fossils and soft rock stratigraphy. The
upper Canyons were covered in mine dumps and numerous tunnels (most off limits
today) and holes, so I did collect mineral specimens; however, some were
displaced in various personal moves, others were given to my more interested
friends, and some remained with me and were used for teaching specimens during
my career at Fort Hays. Only a very few remain with me today.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The Big and Little Cottonwood mining district was a
large Pb-Ag producer active intermittently between 1867 and 1976. Although the
Big Cottonwood and Little Cottonwood mining districts are sometimes reported
separately, the division is completely arbitrary and the ore in both
sub-districts is the result of a single, complex, magmatic-hydrothermal episode
related to the intrusion of the Alta quartz monzonite porphyry stock (~35-33
Ma) along their common border. Approximately 60% of the past production has
come from the Little Cottonwood subdistrict with the remainder from the Big
Cottonwood subdistrict. Information from MinDat.com accessed January 2024.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">On one of our informal trips a couple of my friends,
my spouse, and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I were rummaging through
some of the dumps in the upper section of Big Cottonwood Canyon. That excursion
was over 56 years ago and I don’t have the slightest idea of which mine, and
maybe I never knew that answer. We were more interested in hiking trails in the
warm sunshine, sandwiches, chips, and a cold brew. One of the guys found some
sort of a green to yellow mixture of very tiny crystals that appeared under a
loupe to be “garnet” so we bagged some to examine at home. My big find was a
tiny rock that had some sort of a mineral that looked like a graptolite (actually ludwigite). More
on this mineral in a later story.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie4z2hl3d2Yl9fClh20_e64GweY5FwO1VeNs4kqmv6xVQCxuGPc3K4y5KeT2HzsWr3CRLdXRZKhA_zNMrtmQUSD3e1QcIxa_k6yIEvVB3tgbnzN1Idzk9KPJNkAIYO9G4YbTy5afyQ8HuyMNPlpUwgJXNZ3KhYrKXqogiUi0aGdmPcxoBtKxwC7eM49Ptw/s381/UTgar111.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="381" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie4z2hl3d2Yl9fClh20_e64GweY5FwO1VeNs4kqmv6xVQCxuGPc3K4y5KeT2HzsWr3CRLdXRZKhA_zNMrtmQUSD3e1QcIxa_k6yIEvVB3tgbnzN1Idzk9KPJNkAIYO9G4YbTy5afyQ8HuyMNPlpUwgJXNZ3KhYrKXqogiUi0aGdmPcxoBtKxwC7eM49Ptw/s320/UTgar111.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Andradite and calcite. Width FOV ~5 mm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh46u0WTsckmS-_cTEvcMhmHj2dgVRG7ZgTzzl0ZIn7upqlga_0FhUR0GDxHACTKX4WWlRwHn3JDwCctrxqSazGo4gvh4HqdMjI1dXzzZLWC_tGctyoty4cWJheIlI-gvC596Fvf3mU51C-jjmG43Pf6rMDgb9CUHbpNQvy0qZGYCTxqNrB4wRMzmIfPq7j/s237/UTgar88.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="237" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh46u0WTsckmS-_cTEvcMhmHj2dgVRG7ZgTzzl0ZIn7upqlga_0FhUR0GDxHACTKX4WWlRwHn3JDwCctrxqSazGo4gvh4HqdMjI1dXzzZLWC_tGctyoty4cWJheIlI-gvC596Fvf3mU51C-jjmG43Pf6rMDgb9CUHbpNQvy0qZGYCTxqNrB4wRMzmIfPq7j/s1600/UTgar88.jpg" width="237" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj31lGEyBFRvWmPtGMrAvX_1I6T-xy4PJr7-OhotVZ01FSQ3foHHoO3vXnfERrHV86HdPM5zpHrnhMZv8cmI4RCa0sP6Mi9iprOG5o-eazCsfO0YjX7IRd6Dm2MKYOkuoWNWxQSpm9y1pSBEEQbgeIIquy8YDPG6CUoFy8R9AEg60pQCpGoyoEKXbX1coPv/s331/UTgar66.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="331" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj31lGEyBFRvWmPtGMrAvX_1I6T-xy4PJr7-OhotVZ01FSQ3foHHoO3vXnfERrHV86HdPM5zpHrnhMZv8cmI4RCa0sP6Mi9iprOG5o-eazCsfO0YjX7IRd6Dm2MKYOkuoWNWxQSpm9y1pSBEEQbgeIIquy8YDPG6CUoFy8R9AEg60pQCpGoyoEKXbX1coPv/s320/UTgar66.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg06pfxtLTSADqPCUFawiLP9q66U0-ELW2zf0k6AuiVQIdFMh3kUYY4cwSsn8HGARqZDtUUgZ2RpLyoI9h-0HU6039xmwx63llLscvpVQQJGgloAZyURMMi-j8pi0m9EvwSUl7rB16ubWsw_snM3OyNL36YBH1qdAXnLjFBFO0TlqDGL3yjeIZWGZHtFIdr/s303/UTgar55.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="290" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg06pfxtLTSADqPCUFawiLP9q66U0-ELW2zf0k6AuiVQIdFMh3kUYY4cwSsn8HGARqZDtUUgZ2RpLyoI9h-0HU6039xmwx63llLscvpVQQJGgloAZyURMMi-j8pi0m9EvwSUl7rB16ubWsw_snM3OyNL36YBH1qdAXnLjFBFO0TlqDGL3yjeIZWGZHtFIdr/s1600/UTgar55.jpg" width="290" /></a></div></span><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Andradite mounted on small nail heads ~2.5 mm.<br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnXtKI28FYoddK4h3lBJo6r8AiyOf0GAkNnj7AkKgFsxtsBDu0eV-L1grkikKXylEDonFMmJEZJlHuMzuk7fE3WqQXnGWvZ6yt12mvPmh7lq67Vy4IPTotv-P6bek4L_05l_T1sSV27aZv3qkPAZpzViwEWyR9Sswd1LyQSORmTYFukT1dchzMbjfF0ZYs/s640/UTgar1222.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnXtKI28FYoddK4h3lBJo6r8AiyOf0GAkNnj7AkKgFsxtsBDu0eV-L1grkikKXylEDonFMmJEZJlHuMzuk7fE3WqQXnGWvZ6yt12mvPmh7lq67Vy4IPTotv-P6bek4L_05l_T1sSV27aZv3qkPAZpzViwEWyR9Sswd1LyQSORmTYFukT1dchzMbjfF0ZYs/w413-h310/UTgar1222.jpg" width="413" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuYhkIwYnYAlvFUw1d1UuuVT5X54YkA5YnKopypNdni5JAW-tD1cSHHDrWYNxB0cOCoj0SJ3XXoko2j2FDQL7t9o2pJsRcSVkwiek6AhnfDu2LpyZvwmzOk21tPVhxrHBscJ72kekRxYkCZoVc2z2dE6okLFDj79OuFZ5PPbu1t2BV60yh0KF-Xyp-r11J/s640/UTgar13mmm.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuYhkIwYnYAlvFUw1d1UuuVT5X54YkA5YnKopypNdni5JAW-tD1cSHHDrWYNxB0cOCoj0SJ3XXoko2j2FDQL7t9o2pJsRcSVkwiek6AhnfDu2LpyZvwmzOk21tPVhxrHBscJ72kekRxYkCZoVc2z2dE6okLFDj79OuFZ5PPbu1t2BV60yh0KF-Xyp-r11J/w414-h311/UTgar13mmm.jpg" width="414" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">A mixture of garnet width FOV ~13 mm. Yellow lines on bottom photomicrograph point to isolated small flakes of hematite.</span><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Decades later I ran across these small finds while
search a shoe box for “something else.” It turns out that I still do not know
the exact collecting location except upper Big Cottonwood Canyon. My best guess
is the Big Cottonwood Mine although there are many other mines and dumps in the
region. The green-yellow “garnet” mineral has turned out to be andradite, a
calcium iron silicate [Ca<sub>3</sub>Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>].
I know this little tidbit since MinDat.com stated, <i>George Balogh did a
SEM/EDS at Michigan Tech University with the results as A garnet containing
calcium and with Fe > Al: andradite</i>. Like all minerals commonly <span style="color: black; mso-effects-shadow-align: topleft; mso-effects-shadow-alpha: 40.0%; mso-effects-shadow-angledirection: 2700000; mso-effects-shadow-anglekx: 0; mso-effects-shadow-angleky: 0; mso-effects-shadow-color: black; mso-effects-shadow-dpidistance: 1.5pt; mso-effects-shadow-dpiradius: 3.0pt; mso-effects-shadow-pctsx: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-pctsy: 100.0%; mso-effects-shadow-themecolor: dark1; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-align: center; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-compound: simple; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dash: solid; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-dpiwidth: 0pt; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-join: round; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-linecap: flat; mso-style-textoutline-outlinestyle-pctmiterlimit: 0%; mso-style-textoutline-type: none; mso-themecolor: text1;">termed garnets</span>, andradite is hard at
~6.5-7.0 and collectable specimens with some shade of green have an adamantine
luster and commonly are faceted into jewelry gems. Demantoid andradite garnets
(green and very small crystals) are perhaps the most sought-after and expensive
gem “garnets.” </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I am uncertain about the exact geological setting at
the Big Cottonwood Mining District (66 valid species according to MinDat.com)
but garnet in the District is associated with hydrothermal fluids, metamorphism,
and the intrusion of the Alta stock. My specimens are quite small, usually a
couple of millimeters +-<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Those halcyon days at the University remain some of
the best days of our life. We were free to roam in the mountains and deserts
with picnic lunches and cold brews, the study of geology was fascinating, gasoline
was cheap, we finally afforded a nice tent, picked up a used Coleman stove and lantern,
and acquired an ugly dog. What more could two kids from the flatlands hope for?
</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">What
can ever equal the memory of being young together? (Michael Stein).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">**Goin-up-the-Country from Canned Heat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">*** Roadhouse Blues from the Doors except they were
heading to a roadhouse rather than the mountains.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">BITS
OF TRIVIA</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">U.S. 40 is now I-80 through Parley’s Canyon and has
the steepest grade of any interstate highway in the U.S---6 percent. And, you
can still smell the burning brakes as those flatlanders “ride their brakes to
the bottom.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">My family believes that I must hold some sort of a
record for U-turns (not lost, just misplaced).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">My spouse’s first camping trip was in a used sleeping
bag (actually a double bag for two) underneath a spruce tree (no tent yet) on a
field excursion.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Always helpful, she encouraged me to “find the portage”
to the next lake as I led students through the Boundary Waters along the
Canadian border with a funky compass not fond of iron ore, and helpfully
pointed out high-on-the-trunk bear scratch marks at a few camp sites.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">She became a fantastic cook with an iron skillet and
tinfoil on a wood fire, often cooking for the entire field crew with two young
children in tow. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">But I survived, and we survived, and our two children
are big fans of mountains, deserts, and the outdoors. The big changes have been
moving from a spruce tree to a tent to a pop-up trailer, to a series of bumper-pull
trailers, to a 38 foot 5th-wheel, to renting a VRBO condo. To me, nothing
brings back memories of the past better than the smell of a campfire! Life is good.</span></p>
<br />Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-31570809155943065832023-12-21T20:48:00.004-07:002023-12-26T19:54:11.657-07:00MONTROYDITE (Mercury Oxide) AND PEBERNꝊDDERS (Quite Tasty)<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNbazqiAVJnYBKclVsLVPfjD3TfeKilZp7iMV2FdaGn3CcK3CHfDKD-4wMD4Rbe69-5VXCMiL7wd5Bnu5roQNumDtQ8ZEQiYJ9CPv9gdbEreym8CgERFiiDnTFIskQcOWhkHzFilojM__XXmbJIbEC1jBy86a2AdwOeteaJ9gRMbP75zQrP1Ee1EtVwUf3/s640/mty6mercury.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNbazqiAVJnYBKclVsLVPfjD3TfeKilZp7iMV2FdaGn3CcK3CHfDKD-4wMD4Rbe69-5VXCMiL7wd5Bnu5roQNumDtQ8ZEQiYJ9CPv9gdbEreym8CgERFiiDnTFIskQcOWhkHzFilojM__XXmbJIbEC1jBy86a2AdwOeteaJ9gRMbP75zQrP1Ee1EtVwUf3/s320/mty6mercury.jpg" width="320" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Globules of native mercury clustered near end of arrow sitting on red montroydite. <br /></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGQ2SEllu-ntO2zQrZh0Y1wJxIx7xAsd9pzifdMpWrL_AWWNTQvkKlFgahfLd2M5Ohj0B4r-R3CQBVidBUW6uzKHB3ZUxyRXr1pXWRdNhtXDdI7oKwDbTZVd6BiHQ72q2wZAodwN6iqT3TrqBAe6FA3O_3uZ_1haghgQMnG84vQZ6qxT6RAgKJHFU_gHmx/s640/mty5good.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGQ2SEllu-ntO2zQrZh0Y1wJxIx7xAsd9pzifdMpWrL_AWWNTQvkKlFgahfLd2M5Ohj0B4r-R3CQBVidBUW6uzKHB3ZUxyRXr1pXWRdNhtXDdI7oKwDbTZVd6BiHQ72q2wZAodwN6iqT3TrqBAe6FA3O_3uZ_1haghgQMnG84vQZ6qxT6RAgKJHFU_gHmx/s320/mty5good.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bright red montroydite at arrow.</span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv-_Eq8wmqv-5r7SbsGU70HqeHHr6If-Ri_HmeEGeqj1yoPHdta3pIysZ15tHx_N0LYkEwxRjszTazr7WNAADquI7tnXtTf3dx0vjDJ0NPwE6muaUQMTXmBu01oYsxljaCU60I_zM-1wL0tkWC7c96KGCXVc0ilbbBNSFM9uw2yO_gdjo0V1LU1PYs8eD4/s640/mty3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv-_Eq8wmqv-5r7SbsGU70HqeHHr6If-Ri_HmeEGeqj1yoPHdta3pIysZ15tHx_N0LYkEwxRjszTazr7WNAADquI7tnXtTf3dx0vjDJ0NPwE6muaUQMTXmBu01oYsxljaCU60I_zM-1wL0tkWC7c96KGCXVc0ilbbBNSFM9uw2yO_gdjo0V1LU1PYs8eD4/s320/mty3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Red "wormy" montroydite at arrow.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLILHqQ80T1WRrRl8LXx617U7okzhPH_86Sxp92T9dnGKf1Cqqzoi1q0deQDoi83StdtE7FPHcFopPpFQB8Dp8uDOnDCS2s2ilONeFXPNT3deJfXUCo5sOubSbSLsi8gC6ztHN4WqpaOpf4yDCR6ouHL0WVUIJNccyFYt4ijwPfstGpxo8-N7HlmpTGcbX/s640/mtycrystals.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLILHqQ80T1WRrRl8LXx617U7okzhPH_86Sxp92T9dnGKf1Cqqzoi1q0deQDoi83StdtE7FPHcFopPpFQB8Dp8uDOnDCS2s2ilONeFXPNT3deJfXUCo5sOubSbSLsi8gC6ztHN4WqpaOpf4yDCR6ouHL0WVUIJNccyFYt4ijwPfstGpxo8-N7HlmpTGcbX/s320/mtycrystals.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>These are tiny, acicular, red crystals of montroydite </span></span><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ3YFdktpjXDoNV7XbBUl_v3QOa_nk3XEP5T7FHEAHpp9ICeIjK7y_dalFItNjMGTI-EKq8Ba8t_b87BrzWltlhKO54LZ46k0I7Zb8AzuLihutr22N923LHUKF1NgRL7VjrPul-_ZszujbQb39obcyHvDu0pefvC97thXK_pcxH1HIYov5DHt9TuMGFwTb/s640/mty7.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ3YFdktpjXDoNV7XbBUl_v3QOa_nk3XEP5T7FHEAHpp9ICeIjK7y_dalFItNjMGTI-EKq8Ba8t_b87BrzWltlhKO54LZ46k0I7Zb8AzuLihutr22N923LHUKF1NgRL7VjrPul-_ZszujbQb39obcyHvDu0pefvC97thXK_pcxH1HIYov5DHt9TuMGFwTb/s320/mty7.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhb6icR8hqaV8dL_gL0YWSIiSnNXengzrObhduandTOqbvWtxBiaYtPqKohR8lhXpHXZDPjWc8K1Z_JvsDXpq3fopzbhMO2CEMv4-5wbPMXG0zzz4q_1mvSPrwXtfJCFNWKQ5BfARs8HxSQCDtXbrSYRJsCn-5Ohy1r_QtdnB6ASZAMTZHxBdJryy-_CXk/s640/Montroy6.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhb6icR8hqaV8dL_gL0YWSIiSnNXengzrObhduandTOqbvWtxBiaYtPqKohR8lhXpHXZDPjWc8K1Z_JvsDXpq3fopzbhMO2CEMv4-5wbPMXG0zzz4q_1mvSPrwXtfJCFNWKQ5BfARs8HxSQCDtXbrSYRJsCn-5Ohy1r_QtdnB6ASZAMTZHxBdJryy-_CXk/s320/Montroy6.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Bottom two photomicrographs show various massive "blobs" of montroydite. 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Well, it is time to throw in another red
mercury mineral into the mix that I have yapped about in several postings.
During my long-ago mineralogy class, I learned about cinnabar, orpiment, native
mercury, and that was about all--at least all I can remember although my memory
may be a little sketchy! In my MS-level optical mineralogy and optical
petrology classes my old course notes tell me we learned about rock forming
minerals. Out at Utah we had an entire year-long sequence (we were on the
Quarter System) of sedimentary petrology-carbonates and sandstones mostly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, my early knowledge of mercury was pretty sparse,
and it was not until “retirement” in Colorado Springs that I started to notice
the mercury minerals at the rock and mineral shows, especially in Tucson. I
also read several articles about mercury in professional journals and magazines
and soon I was hunting collectables.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Montroydite is a deep red to brownish red
to brown mercury oxide (HgO) with a vitreous to adamantine luster and sort of a
yellowish-brown streak.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I hunted quite
hard on my specimens for the larger bent or twisted prismatic crystals so
valued by collectors; however, the crystals I noted on the specimen were very
minute and perhaps ~ .1 mm in length and generally beyond the range of my
microscope. What I did locate were very dark red (tough to pick up on the
photomicrographs) “globs” or non-descript massive montroydite, or perhaps
masses of extremely tiny crystals The specimen also contained very minute
globules of silver- colored native mercury. At one time I noticed a ~1 mm
globule along the edge; however, it “rolled off” before I was able to capture a
photomicrograph. Many professionals tend to spray native mercury to preserve
the larger globules.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">My specimen was purchased from Shannon
Minerals and collected from the famous Socrates Mercury Mines, Mayacmas Mining
District, near Cobb, California, Sonoma County, in the Coast Ranges. The host
rock for the native mercury (Hg) and cinnabar (mercury sulfide, HgS) was an Upper
Jurassic serpentinite. Geologists “in the know” believe most serpentinite forms
chemically by alteration, or “serpentinization,” of rocks [peridotite] that
originated in the Earth’s mantle. These “ultramafic” rocks are composed
dominantly of the minerals olivine and pyroxene, which are rich in magnesium
and iron, thus the rocks are very dense. During serpentinization, hot water
from various sources can react with the olivine and pyroxene to produce
serpentine minerals (<a name="_Hlk153304929">California Geological Survey</a>,
2023). During the late Jurassic, California (current geography) was in the
midst of plate collisions and geologists believe that “peridotite underlying
oceanic crustal rocks [were] metamorphosed to serpentine in subduction zones… A
subduction zone is an area where ocean crust rocks run into and slide
underneath the edge of a continent. Because serpentine has a much lower density
than peridotite, it rose toward the surface along major regional thrust faults
associated with the subduction zones.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">I enjoy examining these uncommon mercury
minerals although trying to understand mercury and its origins leaves me in a
tizzy. I have a much better understanding of the big event of the cold season,
and one to celebrate—the Winter Solstice, today December 21. This is the day,
in the Northern Hemisphere, when the sun is at its lowest maximum elevation in
the sky. Hence, Colorado Springs experiences the shortest period of daylight, 9
hours and 27 minutes with the sun setting at 4:40 pm or perhaps ~4:00 as it disappears behind Pikes Peak (except at my house behind
a treed bluff where it disappears about 1:00 pm). Of course, tomorrow we gain one second
of daylight, and by the end of the year a whopping 34 seconds. YEA.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">My Danish ancestors seemed to celebrate the
Winter Solstice (that seemed to morph into the Christian Christmas) with
numerous festivities including eating sweet delicacies like ginger cookies or <a name="_Hlk154062950">pebernꝋdders</a>, and pickled anything such as fish (mostly
herring) and red cabbage. Growing up in Kansas I had several taciturn great
uncles (their parents migrated from Denmark) whose only indulgence with alcohol was communion wine and Christmas glꝋgg
(warmed wine with brandy and fruit). Interestingly, several pans of those
ginger Danish </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><a name="_Hlk154062950">pebernꝋdders</a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"> came out of our oven this week along with Bohemian fruit
and poppy seed kolaches (heritage of my spouse). Pickled herring will be
available Christmas Eve. Life is good and full of calories.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">Check https://adamantkitchen.com/danish-pebernodder/ for a good </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><a name="_Hlk154062950">pebernꝋdder recipe.</a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">REFERENCES CITED</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">California Geological Survey, Note 14,
Serpentine: California’s state rock:
https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/Pages/Publications/Note_14.aspx</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt;">California Geological Survey, 2023, Note
57 SERPENTINITE AND SERPENTINE IN CALIFORNIA: https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/Documents/Publications/CGS-Notes/cgs-note-57-serpentinite-and-serpentine-a11y.pdf<i></i></span></p>
Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-9338176807798650632023-11-24T16:18:00.000-07:002023-11-24T16:18:07.376-07:00GALKHANITE: A RARE SULFOSALT FROM GETCHELL, NEVADA<p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Most rock and mineral shows that I attend have at
least one dealer who displays colorful orange, red, yellow, and mixed-color
specimens for sale. These vivid minerals often draw looks and attention and
much reaching for their money stash, especially when children are asking for a
purchase. Then an honest dealer will explain to the prospective buyer that the
red to red-orange specimens are realgar (As</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">S</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">) while the
orange yellow to yellow specimens are orpiment (As</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">S</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">);
both are arsenic sulfides, and both are toxic. Therefore, care must be taken
when handling these specimens, especially by children, and by adults who are
not fond of scrubbing their hands after handling minerals.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi04W_iD9305y3t0F-oc_p9S3yyueWEzNsNv7CLYcFJv4zbAeADKElGV5SZPeG4JWXLOc5O6zgI-pCGbIFvC_6_r6zR8hRYR1qC_x0p4Oc8L2xsDcOxBKP7i_oG-RM-lUtGGg5Y3UbPmoFn4ltOGfdllJZHmD6ARtLl6ycbwdl8KjbZ0aGrqqc7Tofcr0lz/s686/realgar%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="686" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi04W_iD9305y3t0F-oc_p9S3yyueWEzNsNv7CLYcFJv4zbAeADKElGV5SZPeG4JWXLOc5O6zgI-pCGbIFvC_6_r6zR8hRYR1qC_x0p4Oc8L2xsDcOxBKP7i_oG-RM-lUtGGg5Y3UbPmoFn4ltOGfdllJZHmD6ARtLl6ycbwdl8KjbZ0aGrqqc7Tofcr0lz/s320/realgar%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr20PIgLgWSY4504XXzeeIaoYz6VadGBnHxfHQ2FFos4s5gp9H-H45S9Kmgbe42Oih4OK3PEISoZL6XfBjKQc5aXp4mBKYTj0QbpI2EWfctSKPKhq1CBmKQSxp2WgB5cfVvqH7sKl7B7RO64E2HCIRzS0pjYvktwfeV53w_rQULjWwgt4dEXUMRvxdnoq5/s866/orpimentGETCHELL%20-%20Copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="866" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr20PIgLgWSY4504XXzeeIaoYz6VadGBnHxfHQ2FFos4s5gp9H-H45S9Kmgbe42Oih4OK3PEISoZL6XfBjKQc5aXp4mBKYTj0QbpI2EWfctSKPKhq1CBmKQSxp2WgB5cfVvqH7sKl7B7RO64E2HCIRzS0pjYvktwfeV53w_rQULjWwgt4dEXUMRvxdnoq5/s320/orpimentGETCHELL%20-%20Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Realgar (top); width ~3.0 cm., and orpiment (lower); width ~3.6 cm. from the "Getchell" Mine.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">These two arsenic sulfides are always associated with
each other in nature. Both have nonmetallic lusters but may have adamantine
(especially realgar) to resinous lusters (especially orpiment) and are quite
soft at ~1.0—2.0 (Mohs). Orpiment is photosensitive and over time will degrade
into a friable, white arsenic oxide. In past centuries orpiment was used as a
lemon-yellow pigment for paintings by many of the masters. However, these
oxides are quite soluble in moisture of any kind and their migration to the
surface on the works of art caused a color change. Today, conservators seem
constantly at work trying to protect these oil paintings by limiting exposure
to strong light, controlling humidity, and discontinuing the use of water-based
cleaners.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Realgar, AKA ruby sulfur, almost always occurs in the
same rocks as orpiment, and many times in the same individual specimen. Besides
the vibrant red color, realgar differs from orpiment is that the soft mineral
may be cut with a sharp knife (known as a sectile property) into thin strips
and pieces. In non-crystalline specimens’ realgar may be granular or powdered
or incrusting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It burns with a blue
flame and releases arsenic and sulfur fumes that smell like garlic (remember
toxic). In our basic mineralogy class, we were not allowed to subject realgar
to a blowpipe analysis due to the prospect of inhaling the toxic fumes. I doubt
if blowpipe analyses with charcoal, along with flame tests, are even noted in a
beginning mineralogy class today. It is much easier to stick samples in an
electronic gizmo and receive accurate results.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Like orpiment, realgar is very photosensitive and
degrades into orange yellow pararealgar (As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>: same
elemental composition as realgar but different internal structure), or
arsenolite (arsenic trioxide As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), or orpiment. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">There is a good chance that the arsenic sulfides noticed
at various shows were collected at the Getchell Mine in Humbolt County, Nevada,
about 35 miles northeast of Winnemucca (see Blog posting July10, 2023) on the
east side of the Osgood Range. The Osgood Range is a typical Basin and Range
group of mountains trending north-south defined by narrow faulted mountain
ranges with adjacent rather flat basins—a horst and graben topography with
normal faults. This landscape is largely due to extensional tectonics (pull-apart)
of the later Tertiary (Miocene, ~17 Ma and probably continuing) after a lull in
the previous extensive volcanism. However, later work by Berger and Taylor
(1980) identified a much earlier (~Late Cretaceous) complex fault system on the
east flank of the Osgood Mountains that was named the Getchell Fault System. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The Osgood Mountains have a thick Paleozoic section of
sedimentary rocks that formed on the shallow water Continental Shelf of the
North American (in current terminology) craton. However, the mountains are
cored by Cretaceous igneous <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>plutons
(notably the Osgood Mountain Granodiorite Stock) that were exposed in the
horsts of the Basin and Range Orogeny. The entire section is then unconformably
overlain by late Tertiary volcanic rocks (Chevillon and others, 2000). Both the
Osgood Mountains Stock and the Getchell Fault System are critical to this story.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Early prospectors nosing around the Osgood Range were
initially interested in copper, silver and lead associated with skarn deposits
of the Osgood Stock. Instead they located skarn related tungsten and mining
started in 1916 and with starts and stops lasted until the late 1950s.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">However, gold was the commodity most in demand and was
finally discovered ~1933 at what is now termed the Getchell Mine and brought
into production in 1938. Originally gold was produced from roasted sulfide and
oxide ores and the Getchell site produced nearly 800,000 ounces until
production was suspended after World War II. Someone also got the bright idea
to collect the arsenic produced from the roasting of the sulfides. Great idea
since around 1943 U.S. government restrictions shut down many/most non-essential
gold (and other) mines. However, arsenic was considered a strategic mineral and
Getchell continued operation. That led to another bright idea and in 1942
Getchell increased their production of tungsten from the mineral scheelite (CaWO<sub>4</sub>).
Ones of tungsten’s major uses in WWII was the hardening of steel and it was
critical for the war effort. Production dropped off after the War but continued
sporadically until the late 1950s when the U.S. government terminated the
“tungsten purchase program” (Defense Production Act). The production of gold
after the War was off and on from both open pit and underground mines (Getchell,
Turquoise Ridge, North Zone, Twin Peaks, and others) as well as heap leaching
of the earlier accumulated dumps. Core drilling in the 1990s convinced mining
geologists that large reserves of gold were present in the area but tied up in
Carlin-type deposits (Cambrian/ ?Ordovician sedimentary rocks with sub-micron
sized gold found on arsenic-rich rims of pyrite and marcasite with the richest
deposits found along intersecting mid-to late Paleozoic fault zones. The
sources of the gold were hydrothermal fluids associated with the Osgood Pluton
and associated dikes with mineralization during two events: 1) ~83Ma [may
actually be older] during emplacement of the pluton (minor event); and 2) major
mineralization in the Eocene (Chevillon and others, 2000). That information was
followed in 2019 by the formation of Nevada Gold Mines LLC, a joint venture by
two giants of mining Carlin-type deposits: Barrick Gold Corporation (61.5% and
the operator) and Newmont Corporation (38.5%). Officially the Turquoise Ridge
Project but popularly known as Getchell, the complex is composed of Turquoise
Ridge Underground, Vista Underground, and the Turquoise Ridged Surface mines (<span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Turquoise Ridge Complex
Technical Report NI 43-101 – March 25, 2020). I could not locate the current
production figures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">MinDat listed
93 valid minerals, including one Type (getchellite, AsSbS<sub>3</sub>), and an
impressive number of commodities (gold, silver, arsenic, tungsten, antimony,
mercury, barium-barite, molybdenum, fluorite, thallium, tellurium, bismuth,
tin, lead, zinc, and copper) from the Getchell Complex. Besides the commodities
and associated gangue minerals, the Complex is noted for the large number of colorful
mercury and arsenic minerals like common arsenopyrite, cinnabar, realgar, and
orpiment but also rare mercury minerals such as coloradoite (see Posting
January 10, 2021), getchellite, laffittite (see Posting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>February 26, 2919), and galkhaite (USGS,
retrieved November 2023).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">As noted
earlier my interest in the Getchell centers on the arsenic and mercury
minerals, and for a “long time” I wondered why these minerals crystallized at
the Complex. My “knowledge” of geochemistry is a little weak, well actually
quite weak, and that question really bugged me. What I do know is that
hydrothermal fluids associated with the Osgood Pluton: 1) supplied the elements;
2) “As-W-Hg anomalies occur in rocks and soils over the arsenic-gold deposits
and that these anomalies are not broad haloes but are restricted to the
mineralized area” (Retrieved from MinDat November 2023 but original publication
unknown) and 3) it has long been speculated that the origin of the many heavy
metals such as Au, Hg, Sb, and Tl found in anomalous quantities in sediments in
Carlin-type systems were originally derived from biogenic concentration (2011 MinDat
paper authored by Phil Persson).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgBUmU743gP_PhpGdZAtxG3k5skPe1cOUknTrT39umQeJLcDkS1NoiNs8SdJvOlKgQthP_MlF4sMO0hL0TyRvzyWIcky2NLel6STV62LXpN0usNe7-cGYX1FIh9KdLgFw9jNUExRiicng1R-fFwUSqmu7cxSP1jsitMoTb62jEbjrX0uSR4cjSC_VE8y3x/s640/galk4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgBUmU743gP_PhpGdZAtxG3k5skPe1cOUknTrT39umQeJLcDkS1NoiNs8SdJvOlKgQthP_MlF4sMO0hL0TyRvzyWIcky2NLel6STV62LXpN0usNe7-cGYX1FIh9KdLgFw9jNUExRiicng1R-fFwUSqmu7cxSP1jsitMoTb62jEbjrX0uSR4cjSC_VE8y3x/w317-h240/galk4.jpg" width="317" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE_vGILgkGQh2GBjrfV8ijqsVNdcJQEk1NFwcFuwEGhhne11f-KVx3LO4lt8ujYJMfjvaIVzYlZ1lNZbBZK4wzm695JDFOWUTF88UqlArI9QKIZlnTQP3f03gXonsNsifj9j5Kx8i2Uha6aYJNx-AALnRIrSTbremn0cgjr4XpAqLEHd1h8sPnQJlK64sh/s640/galk33.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE_vGILgkGQh2GBjrfV8ijqsVNdcJQEk1NFwcFuwEGhhne11f-KVx3LO4lt8ujYJMfjvaIVzYlZ1lNZbBZK4wzm695JDFOWUTF88UqlArI9QKIZlnTQP3f03gXonsNsifj9j5Kx8i2Uha6aYJNx-AALnRIrSTbremn0cgjr4XpAqLEHd1h8sPnQJlK64sh/s320/galk33.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxaCrD1cdCvjtH0pe3PSEt_hyAlUE4gW5uqQUf5auwP719l79s8q6zKls5CEKyVJJ6uDNZoKmF9DmkRITXboz6jlPN7qSSKSpHOwT_EQXtPC-SrvfQYG0eGXrA_vjkq6H8oTQE4m_AEkzmKjCcWik1k6A-AfASoeIAhoVdofmSe9cmtYLKe_0n4c1OBS8q/s640/galk55.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxaCrD1cdCvjtH0pe3PSEt_hyAlUE4gW5uqQUf5auwP719l79s8q6zKls5CEKyVJJ6uDNZoKmF9DmkRITXboz6jlPN7qSSKSpHOwT_EQXtPC-SrvfQYG0eGXrA_vjkq6H8oTQE4m_AEkzmKjCcWik1k6A-AfASoeIAhoVdofmSe9cmtYLKe_0n4c1OBS8q/s320/galk55.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Submillimeter, dark cherry red cubes of galkhaite from the "Getchell Mine". </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">One of the
more interesting mercury minerals from the Getchell Complex is galkhaite [Hg</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">5</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Cu)CsAs</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">S</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">12</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">],
a rare and complex sulfosalt (a sulfide with both metals (cesium, thallium,
mercury, copper, and zinc) and semi-metals (arsenic and antimony) as cations.
According to the Handbook of Mineralogy and Webmineral, it is the only known
natural cesium-mercury and cesium-arsenic phase (Chen and others, 1981). Throw
in the thallium and my sparse geochemical knowledge really lights up:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Cs</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">0.6</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Tl</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">0.4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Hg</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3.5</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Cu</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">1.5</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">ZnAs</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3.6</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Sb</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">0.4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">S</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">12.
</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(Empirical formula from Webmineral). Although galkhaite was originally
described from mercury deposits in Kirgizia, Russia, it is best known from the
Getchell Complex and other Carlin-type rocks in Nevada.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Galkhaite,
like many other mercury minerals, is red in color, usually a dark cherry red or
dark orange. It belongs to the Isometric Crystal System (all three axes are
equal in length and meet at right angles to each other to form a cube).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Galkhaite is soft (~3.0 Mohs) and the opaque
crystals have an adamantine luster, an orange-yellow streak, and an uneven
fracture. In other words, it would be easy for an ole plugger like me to
confuse galkhaite with other mercury-rich minerals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">I also noted a
<a name="_Hlk151395019">2011 MinDat paper authored by Phil Persson </a>of
Denver that “galkhanite is an important mineral for use in radiometric dating
of Carlin-type deposits. Galkhaite is a trace mineral in at least four Carlin-type
Nevada deposits and contains significant amounts of Rb and virtually no Sr,
making it an ideal candidate for radiometric dating. Galkhaite from the
Getchell Mine in the Potosi Mining District, Humboldt County, Nevada, was
analyzed using Rb-Sr isotope dating techniques, and was found to be ~39.5 Ma
[indicating the time of mineralization].” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">RERENCES
CITED<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Burger, B.R. and B.E. Taylor, 1980, Pre-Cenozoic
normal faulting in the Osgood Mountains, Humbolt County, Nevada: Geology,
Vol.8, No. 12.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Chevillon, V., E. Berentsen, M. Gingrich, B. Howard,
and E. Zbinden, 2000, Geologic overview of the Getchell gold geology,
exploration and ore deposits, Humbolt County, Nevada: Geological Society of
Nevada Symposium Geology and Ore Deposits: The Great Basin and Beyond.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Chen T. T. , J.T. Szymanski, <a name="_Hlk151395398">1981,
</a>The structure and chemistry of galkhaite, a mercury sulfosalt containing,
Cs and Tl: The Canadian Mineralogist , Vol. 19.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">USGS, 2023, https://mrdate.usgs.gov/mrds/show-mrds.php?dep_id=10310336<o:p></o:p></span></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-19155591442023942302023-11-05T18:41:00.083-07:002023-11-05T19:36:49.772-07:00THE 8TH ANNUAL NEW ENGLAND MINERAL CONFERENCE<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">The 8<sup>th</sup>
annual New England Mineral Conference,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Grand Summit Hotel, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Newry</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Maine</st1:state></st1:place><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">May 19-21, 2023<o:p></o:p></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">A GUEST POST BY MARK IVAN JACOBSON</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> After a covid-imposed hiatus of four years, the New England
Mineral Conference (NEMC, pronounced “Nemic’) restarted its celebration of New
England minerals, and associated vocational and avocational mining and
prospecting. This two-day meeting provides reports on new discoveries,
updates on current mining activities, displays of some of the area’s rarest and
most beautiful minerals, and a banquet announcing the Annual Mineralogical
Heritage Award recognizing influential local mineral person(s).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Details on
this conference may be found on NEMC's website at <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.nemineral.org/" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">https://www.nemineral.org/</span></a><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This year's meeting, as in past years, was held at the Grand Summit
Resort Hotel and <st1:placename w:st="on">Conference</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Center</st1:placetype>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Sunday</st1:placename>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">River</st1:placetype></st1:place> ski resort, Newry, Maine, on May 19-21, 2023.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Next year’s meeting
will be held May 17-19, 2024. The conference is the successor to the former
Maine Mineral Symposium which had been held annually for more than a decade in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Augusta</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Maine</st1:state></st1:place>.
With a change in leadership, led by Jeffrey Morrison, the symposium, now under a
geographically broader name, restarted at an <st1:place w:st="on">Auburn</st1:place>
motel in 2013. After searching for a better venue, the Sunday River ski resort
hotel, chosen in 2014, proved to be satisfactory with space to grow. The 2023 meeting was organized under a committee of volunteers led by President Jeffery
Morrison who may be reached at</span><span style="background: white; color: #1f497d;"> </span><a href="mailto:nemineralpresident@gmail.com" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: #1155cc;">nemineralpresident@gmail.com</span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first
day of this year’s meeting on Friday started with a group of short, less than
30 minutes each, talks on specific minerals from <st1:place w:st="on">New
England</st1:place> localities. The goal in future meetings is to continue with these short
mineralogical presentations with a focus on New England and adjacent Canadian. In 2023 these short mineral talks covered the localities
of <st1:city w:st="on">Hurricane Mt.</st1:city>, New Hampshire; Emmons
pegmatite, Greenwood, Maine; Fletcher pegmatite, New Hampshire; and the
Rynerson Hill pegmatite, Paris, Maine. The afternoon presentations finished with a one
hour talk on critical elements mined from worldwide pegmatites by invited
speaker, Philip Persson of Colorado. The critical minerals discussed focused
mostly on lithium for batteries as extracted from spodumene which is a common
mineral in some <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Maine</st1:state></st1:place>
pegmatites. Other critical minerals found in Maine include tantalum as found in
tantalite and microlite, and cesium as found in pollucite. After a short break
for banquet setup, attendees viewed the displays of New England minerals in the
adjacent hall. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The 2023 Annual Mineralogical
Heritage Award banquet honored local field collector Cliff Trebilcock. Cliff
was honored for his numerous collecting successes, especially in the Topsham Feldspar mining district. His most well-known discovery was of world class
uraninite crystals from a pegmatite in the Topsham district. These specimens
have set the standard for what the best crystals should look like. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Previous Heritage awardees have been the Perham
family (Stanley, Hazel, Frank, and Jane), Terry Szenics, Raymond G. Woodman, and
Irving "Dudy" and Mary Groves. Some of the best specimens of colored
tourmaline, purple apatites, phosphate minerals, quartz crystals, and other
rare pegmatite minerals are due to the efforts of these men and women.<o:p></o:p></p>
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</v:shape><![endif]--></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJuECN4IN538e3VpWX1ZvS6sKhL5pcwa6nMh8fiSiRypDlOA7ZY-36Q02wTYbpe1PmdfX8sgtX1VeBhc7fXXXcPGYb375UR58pkBMnrxXF_v7mc8AN6OPALjQICBGbs_z1XhMPWSOvrJ5XUEukcfLfLimKp9iirwQE612eACOrepqgfTfHfO1zqzUOa6xZ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="382" data-original-width="576" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgJuECN4IN538e3VpWX1ZvS6sKhL5pcwa6nMh8fiSiRypDlOA7ZY-36Q02wTYbpe1PmdfX8sgtX1VeBhc7fXXXcPGYb375UR58pkBMnrxXF_v7mc8AN6OPALjQICBGbs_z1XhMPWSOvrJ5XUEukcfLfLimKp9iirwQE612eACOrepqgfTfHfO1zqzUOa6xZ=w414-h274" width="414" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Figure 1. Cliff Trebilcock (left) receiving the 2023 Mineralogical Heritage award from Don Dallaire. The award is a polished sphere
of the Emmons pegmatite wall zone, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Greenwood</st1:city>,
<st1:state w:st="on">Maine</st1:state></st1:place>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Saturday had a series of morning
and afternoon lectures. Don Dallaire spoke about the beryllium minerals of New
Hampshire. Besides beryl, New Hampshire has produced attractive chrysoberyl,
milarite, phenakite, helvite, and bertrandite. The best of these beryllium
minerals were on display in the New Hampshire mineral cases organized by Don
Dallaire. Jim Pecorra spoke about the discovery, mining, and reclamation of the
Elizabeth Copper mine of Vermont. The Elizabeth Copper mine opened in 1809 and
produced 8.5 million pounds of copper until the mine closed in 1957. Today,
most of the area has been restored with some historic remains preserved in a
park. Al Falster spoke on the geology and minerals of the Emmons mine, Maine. Falster, who has researched the Emmons pegmatite extensively, presented a
specimen-illustrated talk on some of the rarer minerals such as lithiophilite,
elbaite, and </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">rare element minerals such
as pollucite, wodginite, cassiterite, and loellingite. Philip Persson spoke on
the mineralogy and gems of the pegmatites in the Pikes Peak Batholith, Colorado.
This highlighted the ever popular smoky quartz and amazonite as well as the
rarer minerals such as cryolite, reibeckite, phenakite, fluocerite, and
samarskite.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The day’s lectures were finished
with Jeff Morrison reminiscing about mining and socializing with pegmatite
miner Frank Perham, the son of Stanley Perham who mined feldspar starting in the
1920s and ran the Maine Mineral Store at Trap Corner, West Paris, beginning in 1919.
Lots of free time during the day was spent visiting and buying minerals and
books in the dealer’s rooms, participating in the silent mineral auction, and
mingling with fellow collectors and miners.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The meetings are always followed by
a one-day field trip on Sunday to nearby mines – usually a pegmatite with an
opportunity to find beryl and colored tourmalines. The field trip locations offered
are only revealed to attendees upon the start of the conference. This year the
choices were the active Havey quarry, the <st1:placetype w:st="on">Mt.</st1:placetype>
Mica mine (an underground mine) with collecting allowed on the dump, and the
Wheeler mica mine (quarry-tunnel numbers 1 and 2). There are many attendees who
only come for the opportunity to collect. These field trips allow for
collecting at famous quarries that are usually closed to all collecting. Many
well-known collectors have taken advantage of this opportunity. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhH_BlgUD0PEai0WusQuGahO6lySViGWyO9Ekki53vpA4xlONa8WWe_zmUxTjT_nxRyjsxWpzdxr1IuUl4N6tv775QGKvAVNkA0AVWxKRLEaFKZic0HhII130zjCiQGyRLHWEr0TvNFRLbrbd6OWRSdlU0nL-afhNVL2qFTGIxUWAzIGdgVDcB1E2dLLGZj" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><img alt="" data-original-height="208" data-original-width="316" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhH_BlgUD0PEai0WusQuGahO6lySViGWyO9Ekki53vpA4xlONa8WWe_zmUxTjT_nxRyjsxWpzdxr1IuUl4N6tv775QGKvAVNkA0AVWxKRLEaFKZic0HhII130zjCiQGyRLHWEr0TvNFRLbrbd6OWRSdlU0nL-afhNVL2qFTGIxUWAzIGdgVDcB1E2dLLGZj=w491-h323" width="491" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Figure 2. Fluorapatite, Waisanen Quarry, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Greenwood</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Maine</st1:state></st1:place>.
Mined by Frank Perham whose mined specimens were displayed in several
cases to honor his memory. Perham, passed away in 2023.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkkMixpGe2M3mVQLvmLeuoqnUR1dfNyz_HnE18uD3e6qaEpbkn-tH9GGswVsE1jSy6uMXzdnvxjG0lKRS8AQBsIrSqqxMuFb2YQxy8zvSfHYR3LPJP712qBLOiWOrJoO-STZLQXdc7F1-qWxRehPdfiKEl3BKx8RkpTFcVhdJKIcFJ1K8zsUSl4cntGuZm" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="231" data-original-width="476" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgkkMixpGe2M3mVQLvmLeuoqnUR1dfNyz_HnE18uD3e6qaEpbkn-tH9GGswVsE1jSy6uMXzdnvxjG0lKRS8AQBsIrSqqxMuFb2YQxy8zvSfHYR3LPJP712qBLOiWOrJoO-STZLQXdc7F1-qWxRehPdfiKEl3BKx8RkpTFcVhdJKIcFJ1K8zsUSl4cntGuZm=w489-h237" width="489" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Figure 3. A selection of Havey mine discoveries (2013-2022) collected by Jeffrey Morrison and exhibited at the May 2023 conference..</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg61h1QfwcPSU1sR0merPcw1qM1KRwO9eprqWs2JFCukfP48JNGsx8ZrVYaIkEzo0Ays6OPbFMx8rempUaK0df5UxNJGD9YnzkOMlj3hLR-lAYiz-wnYu7zww4COQkvGwOM_hd2tloYgdMoUjpuJhBW_amNM3YNzEECH9Lh9PmIfF5sm5LODryJmNFNV8T3" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="353" data-original-width="576" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg61h1QfwcPSU1sR0merPcw1qM1KRwO9eprqWs2JFCukfP48JNGsx8ZrVYaIkEzo0Ays6OPbFMx8rempUaK0df5UxNJGD9YnzkOMlj3hLR-lAYiz-wnYu7zww4COQkvGwOM_hd2tloYgdMoUjpuJhBW_amNM3YNzEECH9Lh9PmIfF5sm5LODryJmNFNV8T3=w485-h298" width="485" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><o:p> F</o:p>igure 4. Amethyst group, Deer Hill, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Stowe</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Maine</st1:state></st1:place>.
Mined 1968. Cliff Trebilcock collection.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> </span></o:p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgibRZTwgSMVTu3AqjIanluLnHhzjIfBcgwyxtJr2fs_2S4O_G1LyJqaWPgxpe2ynxff-p7cb9IvniEYv0Hxt5Gdh5mbHESX4enDBNL2FH0zgaN3NvUq8SvVXA6m9znWxqUeq-7uhH_KvXUDfXoAiWAB98wePMzbts-l_b_pNq7wGcbwFr3uipXdq0hQlxQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="553" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgibRZTwgSMVTu3AqjIanluLnHhzjIfBcgwyxtJr2fs_2S4O_G1LyJqaWPgxpe2ynxff-p7cb9IvniEYv0Hxt5Gdh5mbHESX4enDBNL2FH0zgaN3NvUq8SvVXA6m9znWxqUeq-7uhH_KvXUDfXoAiWAB98wePMzbts-l_b_pNq7wGcbwFr3uipXdq0hQlxQ=w506-h341" width="506" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><o:p> </o:p>Figure 4. Fred Wilda, the watercolor mineral artist, and his
spouse Helen Rodak, collecting at the Havey Quarry, May 2013.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEie32oaZWgczQaHnIqSXYgwi5adT6Fs9FF1nruVbYEmDcudDWKapCfJlqQh-A_Pdo-IG9zCMVzOrFJOnk3mRjQh8FCeVbuqBsbAcU9wFJDOu6Ns9AXY185aT0PwW_Nw79TtZHuV84dkfTRnwuHpj8IpQlQiXjeTk1MYc4q37VfZKrMCtktkPMsu-kBn1RAx" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="524" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEie32oaZWgczQaHnIqSXYgwi5adT6Fs9FF1nruVbYEmDcudDWKapCfJlqQh-A_Pdo-IG9zCMVzOrFJOnk3mRjQh8FCeVbuqBsbAcU9wFJDOu6Ns9AXY185aT0PwW_Nw79TtZHuV84dkfTRnwuHpj8IpQlQiXjeTk1MYc4q37VfZKrMCtktkPMsu-kBn1RAx=w477-h331" width="477" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Figure 5. Gary Howard (right), miner at Consolidated lower
quarry (1890s Golding mine), <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Georgetown</st1:city>,
<st1:state w:st="on">Maine</st1:state></st1:place>, May 2019. This pit
produced colored tourmaline. The surrounding area during the field trip
produced yellow and blue beryl, loellingite, eosphorite, and columbite.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj19WCqcIBGD0Jtqq5csAUqIL30u2lS_1X4JPaUUCGR5M-bJdPTvLo5n-R9ExVpRvkz81Arus5I-ypPekMa88mWEgmDW8C84faGtIFwG3norRPIiPSV7poZre-dDqE1tbg46uJDU6tyVg1LN8_c-KXUQHfdwDuAUdC7pQkmrds3SRvoiBVqtw_3d-wO6wVV" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="576" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj19WCqcIBGD0Jtqq5csAUqIL30u2lS_1X4JPaUUCGR5M-bJdPTvLo5n-R9ExVpRvkz81Arus5I-ypPekMa88mWEgmDW8C84faGtIFwG3norRPIiPSV7poZre-dDqE1tbg46uJDU6tyVg1LN8_c-KXUQHfdwDuAUdC7pQkmrds3SRvoiBVqtw_3d-wO6wVV=w473-h316" width="473" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><o:p> </o:p>Figure 6. Joseph and his daughter, Krystalle Dorris (right
side), owner-miners of the Smoky Hawk mine at Crystal Peak, Colorado, gazing at
a pocket tourmaline recovered from the dump, Mt. <st1:placename w:st="on">Mica</st1:placename>
mine, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Paris</st1:city></st1:place>,
May 2016.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><o:p> </o:p> A
conference attendee can also combine lectures, mineral purchases, and
mineral collecting with a visit to the newly opened Maine Mineral and <st1:placename w:st="on">Gem</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Museum</st1:placetype>
in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bethel</st1:place></st1:city>. The
museum is only seven miles from the conference resort. The Maine Mineral and Gem
Museum is not only the premier mineral museum in Maine, it is also among the
best regional museums for New England pegmatite minerals, standing as a well
earned peer among the American Museum of Natural History (NYC), Harvard Museum
(Cambridge), and Peabody Museum at Yale (New Haven). Although it does not
contain the depth of historic specimens of these older museums, it has obtained
via purchase and donation, the best suite of colored tourmalines from the famous
gem mines of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">Mt.</st1:placetype> <st1:placename w:st="on">Mica</st1:placename></st1:place>, Dunton gem mine at Newry, <st1:placetype w:st="on">Mt.</st1:placetype> Marie, Havey quarry, and Mt. <st1:placename w:st="on">Rubellite</st1:placename>.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The museum
was created by the vision and efforts of Lawrence T. F. Stifler, Mary McFadden,
and Robert Ritchie. Since the 1990s, they have worked, and guided the efforts
to create this mineral and meteorite museum, and to distribute meteorites to
other research institutions. The Bethel Museum also has possibly the best
meteorite collection in the United States, maybe only exceeded by the American
Museum of Natural History.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The museum
has also become a pegmatite research center with equipment and specimens that
are available to researchers whether from other institutions or local. Circa 2010,
the pegmatite research center at the University of New Orleans (MMP3), created
by William Simmons, Karen Webber and Alexander Falster, moved to the
museum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With all these synergies the
museum has continued to support research on <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Maine</st1:place></st1:state> pegmatite minerals. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The museum
is now also the home and location for the annual pegmatite workshop, a five-day
school open to public enrollment, that combines lectures on pegmatite formation
and mineralogy, geared to miners, collectors and academics, with pegmatite
quarry visits to observe and evaluate the lecture material. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAlQ1Vh9WkITikNDHKxyitBW8Z2r3KS07Mjht4uBNJJJeHtoOFcL1z-zYu2DhI-nEyQqIl6gfThLVXfH237DPK4ImmyWOcTFqdh0WBth631-ueFlaQX3a1uwxKtDHh6DiKip1UyyAo5TAxB8md1fR2JtzcnyRh8YAPjH4nG9p_eMs7i71my8A60tkhjo0f" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="510" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAlQ1Vh9WkITikNDHKxyitBW8Z2r3KS07Mjht4uBNJJJeHtoOFcL1z-zYu2DhI-nEyQqIl6gfThLVXfH237DPK4ImmyWOcTFqdh0WBth631-ueFlaQX3a1uwxKtDHh6DiKip1UyyAo5TAxB8md1fR2JtzcnyRh8YAPjH4nG9p_eMs7i71my8A60tkhjo0f=w478-h320" width="478" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Figure 7. During the Mineral Heritage Award banquet, May 2019,
local collectors Bob and Pam Jackson discuss minerals with conference speaker,
Bob Jones (far right) from <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Arizona</st1:state></st1:place>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">. The New
England area has, since the 1990s, enjoyed a reactivation of mineral
collecting, amateur prospecting and avocational mining (specimen mining by
individuals as a hobby and not as their only source of income by selling
specimens) in <st1:state w:st="on">Maine</st1:state>, <st1:state w:st="on">New
Hampshire</st1:state>, <st1:state w:st="on">Massachusetts</st1:state>, <st1:state w:st="on">Connecticut</st1:state>, and <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Vermont</st1:place></st1:state>. Frank Perham, who just this year passed away,
for many decades mentored future miners and provided advice to
many mineralogists, geologists, and collectors. The generation of miners who
were influenced by Frank Perham – Gary Freeman, Jeffrey Morrison, Michael
O’Neal, Ron Larrivee, Jonathan Spiegel, Gary Howard, Dennis Durgin, and Paul
Pinette are now actively mining in numerous areas. Due to Perham’s influence many mineral displays at the conference exhibited
specimens either found by Perham or mined with him. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPqRhPpVNJnmuHuoBck9koJxpXIKZ-SKNo18BUGK07rOFv_jvur4vLHVhnND1vcUqRGNqreya9cj_Y3ZjSI5mchnyssY12ZWYQ-9CNEReSdWUhG61lX8HWLy2LLwbzCq-GxMiX83Knt1x5a59X6TGRPmPTdevJDLK0gq92iRKTTX4aUq-CG7N66Q9T3R-a" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="576" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgPqRhPpVNJnmuHuoBck9koJxpXIKZ-SKNo18BUGK07rOFv_jvur4vLHVhnND1vcUqRGNqreya9cj_Y3ZjSI5mchnyssY12ZWYQ-9CNEReSdWUhG61lX8HWLy2LLwbzCq-GxMiX83Knt1x5a59X6TGRPmPTdevJDLK0gq92iRKTTX4aUq-CG7N66Q9T3R-a=w474-h317" width="474" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Figure 8. John Betts, New York City mineral dealer (left)
and Dennis Durgin, owner-operator of the Mt. <st1:placename w:st="on">Marie</st1:placename>
mine, comment on the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">Maine</st1:state></st1:place>
topazes at 2017 conference.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg2nspAO1koKPksuBiXxAHmPC1Kfw6oXd_dpYbUqWMjEjilnAntU8qD70DbJCas3vMAnmIkrhLxRQwWZgw3JEvLRtfj7IIwCA6dVgkMC7B2rNlIuR6kMAqIXvMuwmfCF31SlLlFOwStoBS7ZUSf0jn2mO-INtMJK_rsnG7WPQoYrkvmFolFM4UPfk8yFpyy" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="577" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg2nspAO1koKPksuBiXxAHmPC1Kfw6oXd_dpYbUqWMjEjilnAntU8qD70DbJCas3vMAnmIkrhLxRQwWZgw3JEvLRtfj7IIwCA6dVgkMC7B2rNlIuR6kMAqIXvMuwmfCF31SlLlFOwStoBS7ZUSf0jn2mO-INtMJK_rsnG7WPQoYrkvmFolFM4UPfk8yFpyy=w480-h225" width="480" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Figure 9. A portion of the Fisher quarry exhibit by miner-collector </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Paul Pinette in May 2023. These specimens were mined after re-opening of the quarry circa 2012.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p> The New
England Mineral Conference activities -the lectures, banquet, dealer mineral
rooms, and silent and voice auctions provide numerous opportunities to renew and
create new friendships, learn of new mineral discoveries, and collect ideas for
new areas to prospect for interesting minerals. The Maine Mineral and Gem
Museum provides examples of the best specimens mined in Maine and the
opportunity to learn about these deposits either in the pegmatite workshop or
from books sold in the museum gift shop. With all these attractions, May is a
great time to meet with avid mineral collectors and view, collect, and buy
minerals.</p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Mark Ivan Jacobson is a well-know geologist/mineralogist with a strong interest in pegmatites. He obtained a BS in mineralogy-geochemistry from Pennsylvania State
University in 1973 and a MS in sedimentary geology from the University
of California at Berkeley in 1976. After graduate school, he worked for
Amoco and Chevron in oil and gas development as an earth scientist,
completing 35 years with Chevron before retiring in 2013. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> He has
published numerous articles on the geology, mineralogy, and
mining-collecting histories of pegmatites since 1978 as well as two
major books: G<i>uidebook to the pegmatites of Western Australia</i> (2007) and <i>Antero Aquamarines: Minerals from the Mount Antero - White Mountain
region, Chaffee County, Colorado</i> (1993). In addition, he has written biographies of events and persons, including
“The Denver Gem & Mineral Show: A Retrospective”, and a colorful
biography of early female Colorado Pegmatite Geologist, Margaret B.
Fuller Boos.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-38311143012920683442023-10-24T20:08:00.001-06:002023-10-24T20:08:37.048-06:00REMEMBERING UTAH AND A THALLIUM ARSENIC SULFOSALT: GILLULYITE<p> BLOG POST # 500 😊😊😊<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">In several of my Blog postings I noted that my time in
graduate school at the University of Utah (1967-1970) was intellectually exciting
as well as personally full of satisfaction and “what more could you ask for”.
Within a 10-day stint in August 1967 I graduated with an A.M. from the
University of South Dakota, drove all night to Kansas with my soon to be wife, got
married, and headed to Utah with virtually no money; more grad school was waiting. I
chose Utah since: 1) I wanted to live in the mountains; 2) Wyoming and Colorado
rejected my applications; and 3) the NDEA Title IV Fellowship at Utah was more
money than I had ever made in my life. We were still rather "poor" but found an
apartment for $70 a month; however, we could only afford payments of $35 every two weeks!
But, we found new friends (mostly students), and we were all in the same boat—not much
money but excited about geology and our spouses (most of us were newlyweds).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Intellectually the University was an exciting place to
be in the late 1960s—things, they were a’ changing in the world of geology.
Plate tectonics, better then known as Continental Drift, was being discussed
in every classroom. Armand Eardley had published the best-known textbook on structural
evolution of North America, and it was the “go to” book in the pre-continental
drift days. However, he constantly brought in external speakers to discuss the “theory”
in his classes, the pros and cons.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Fridays were observed as days of field trips and/or
research—we could walk to outcrops in the Laramide Wasatch Mountains bordering east campus. Evidence of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville was everywhere, and we could drive 25 miles or less to observe rocks of every geological period except the Silurian. Observing fantastic geology was an everyday experience.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3wbp1F-x152bGeuoWJN7CPNbMYKghYbvXts8NJxPbhqJSsAmyUaHMuPugDzFsxFsXmmSgq6WvBNtdky85KKzc0PVLVawJg5cV9mKIpStVqHopcwJjQnFNWO8Lwv4nG3huob20W4ZMP19FBPPjvCi8bzrbzLvDckvFY6Ovm04yNxUaOigcc2FrQFREJWBR/s700/SLCity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="700" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3wbp1F-x152bGeuoWJN7CPNbMYKghYbvXts8NJxPbhqJSsAmyUaHMuPugDzFsxFsXmmSgq6WvBNtdky85KKzc0PVLVawJg5cV9mKIpStVqHopcwJjQnFNWO8Lwv4nG3huob20W4ZMP19FBPPjvCi8bzrbzLvDckvFY6Ovm04yNxUaOigcc2FrQFREJWBR/w398-h207/SLCity.jpg" width="398" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">The campus of the University of Utah (2005) next to the Wasatch Mountains. Photo picked up from Pinterest </span><span style="font-size: large;">https://i.pinimg.com/originals</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Lee Stokes, my major advisor, hauled his
students all over the state since his Utah geological knowledge was legendary.
Jim Madsen, my mentor and friend, was pulling all sorts of dinosaurs out of the
Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry in central Utah. Others, such as Dick Robison took his
advanced invertebrate paleo students out to the west desert to hunt for
trilobites in the Cambrian rocks. We then had to write a “pretend” professional
paper for publication. It was just a great time to be a student of geology.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The U.S. Geology Survey had a small office in Salt Lake
City and their geologists were tromping all over the Intermountain states. As
they traversed through the City the Department tried to nab them to “present a lecture
on their work.” I, and my classmates, were privileged to hear, and often meet,
some of the most famous geologists in the west. I remember one of the speakers
was a USGS scientist by the name of James (Jim) Gilluly. I remembered his name
since the grad students were expected to constantly read journals and other professional
papers (“you really need to take a look at XX paper since it may show up on your
prelim exams”) and one of these papers (USGS PP 150) was authored by Reeside
and Gilluly describing the sedimentary rocks of the San Rafael Swell in central Utah. Now the Swell was
every softrocker’s favorite place for a field trip---and there were many. Gilluly also worked with
Ralph Roberts and others in describing the Antler Orogenic Belt and the giant
Roberts Mountain Thrust in north central Nevada (almost unknown events in the
1950s). But perhaps Gilluly’s most interesting paper was published in 1968--</span>
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The
role of geological concepts in man’s intellectual development</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">.
Gilluly lived a long (1896-1980) and extremely productive life, and his name
always sticks in my mind when thinking of those halcyon days of the late 1960s
at the University of Utah. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbLiY1MeLvmnon8nTOtLZITgAntx9AysL9KtlTZcGepda2ljtHKgSJjOMKCQEk-ZWLz4cjcMf8nKyRu-vUrFxZ4XqZZHX9VjeFrpYxregvDBDrGe32RmbX6AVrBnlxC-LOiJV46oTbkM68dn1RtXbDE1ajnp0_s-Pew-Wx4yAEmrDx5yTkuIS3z8HvpHIR/s1024/The_Oquirrh_Mountains_(79047224).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="681" data-original-width="1024" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbLiY1MeLvmnon8nTOtLZITgAntx9AysL9KtlTZcGepda2ljtHKgSJjOMKCQEk-ZWLz4cjcMf8nKyRu-vUrFxZ4XqZZHX9VjeFrpYxregvDBDrGe32RmbX6AVrBnlxC-LOiJV46oTbkM68dn1RtXbDE1ajnp0_s-Pew-Wx4yAEmrDx5yTkuIS3z8HvpHIR/w370-h246/The_Oquirrh_Mountains_(79047224).jpg" width="370" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">The Oquirrh Mountains viewed from south of Salt Lake City looking west. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Public Domain photo by Don Lavange.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">So, how does my reminiscing relate to minerals of any
sort? Many/most readers realize that past postings often point out interesting
tidbits about Utah minerals, and especially the few related to instructors at
the University: check September 17, 2017, for a posting on whelanite,
stringhamite, and callaghanite. Well, a thallium arsenic sulfosalt mineral
named gillulyite (after the Utah geologist) is certainly an interesting mineral
(if nothing else for its thallium content) and one of the rarest in Utah (and
most likely in the country). It also has an interesting collecting history, and
the following paragraph was picked up from Lehigh Minerals in Bountiful, Utah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">“ In 1990 five members of the club, Mineral Collectors
of Utah, went on a field trip to the Lulu Cut in the South Mercur Pit of the
Mercur Mine in search of thallium minerals. An odd-looking red mineral
that looked different than Realgar was found. Two members searched for crystals,
only ever finding 3 specimens with small crystals. One of which is
pictured on mindat.org . The three other collectors collected a few flats
of specimens of the strange mineral with dark red cleavages. Dr Jim
Wilson from Weber State was one of the three and the analysis done the next day
did not match any known mineral species. Going back the following day to
collect more specimens, he was disappointed and found the Barack mining
operation mined through the collecting area and the new level was 30 feet below
the area of the new mineral find. Nothing more was able to be
collected. The mineral became Gillulyite with the Lulu Cut being not only
the type locality but still the only locality to this day in the
world. One collector sold his specimens at the next Denver and
Tucson shows. These are the source of specimens currently held in
collections worldwide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> T</span>he mine
geologist collected some superb Lorandites at another location at the
mine but was present when the club was there and also had a few
Gillulyites. Scott Klein and Rob Lavinsky handled these several years
ago. I was able to acquire the specimens that Jim Wilson collected
that day. These vary in size from thumbnails to large cabinet specimens.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I have recently corresponded with Jim McEwen, the proprietor
of Lehigh Minerals and amazingly he still has about seven specimens of this 30-year-old
find sort of hidden away, but available for sale! They are listed on the Lehigh
Minerals home page.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Gillulyite [Tl<sub>2</sub>(As,Sb)<sub>8</sub>S<sub>13</sub>]
is a dark red in color like many mercury minerals, is soft at 2.0-2.5 (Mohs), has
an adamantine luster that commonly tarnishes to a metallic luster. It needs to
be protected from light as the mineral will turn such a dark red that it almost
appears black. Crystals (Monoclinic Prismatic) are rare (some crystals shown on
MinDat), and most specimens appear massive (and all are small). At Mercur,
gillulyite is often associated with baryte (BaSO<sub>4</sub>), orpiment (As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>),
and realgar (As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>). As a sulfosalt the elements in
gillulyite are: a metal (thallium), a semi-metal and/or tin (arsenic + tin), and sulfur---</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Tl<sub>2</sub>(As,Sb)<sub>8</sub>S<sub>13</sub>.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyhXiIJ3zbnIwmgPT_FhSBbvppulG23KV97K02xQPS-UZlSQD0wnKySJIH9CP_-LNd1SSpqgIcc_bNmH2QgnogE17NPjQ2DEpk69vx5ZM49-tepAvkDcWVofTTIiS8w644r2MmhW7RJBf11TsRDEc0pH6Qm4kF-Tmgxe9UdSIIn7NliSbxLuDLoT3jB8UK/s640/guy27.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyhXiIJ3zbnIwmgPT_FhSBbvppulG23KV97K02xQPS-UZlSQD0wnKySJIH9CP_-LNd1SSpqgIcc_bNmH2QgnogE17NPjQ2DEpk69vx5ZM49-tepAvkDcWVofTTIiS8w644r2MmhW7RJBf11TsRDEc0pH6Qm4kF-Tmgxe9UdSIIn7NliSbxLuDLoT3jB8UK/w396-h297/guy27.jpg" width="396" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-AzWfpoe_wQHuL3ZtWflLRUVw-7BuQxTSpdWKt9c09n3mt1nmP8jLjOvhY0FueunUG0uecbKsWkXD0C2p2sRLsqZE93CyO7kwm_XRwAYZKUOOQruRB9MD5Bnx8Sbx_4lU0rhH4uIn9leuo-rL_N0BrIr3exnEAWD5xvmphrS2t0u0Ct3njApfeCewF1oq/s640/GUY23.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-AzWfpoe_wQHuL3ZtWflLRUVw-7BuQxTSpdWKt9c09n3mt1nmP8jLjOvhY0FueunUG0uecbKsWkXD0C2p2sRLsqZE93CyO7kwm_XRwAYZKUOOQruRB9MD5Bnx8Sbx_4lU0rhH4uIn9leuo-rL_N0BrIr3exnEAWD5xvmphrS2t0u0Ct3njApfeCewF1oq/w385-h289/GUY23.jpg" width="385" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAbVAiPyZGCcViQOtGHrL3taVYcJ5eVN8WmUtl4DE8P1OwMvIf0QRz1Hg6h-Ud5Z1O1lu4KSD0WyUIao9tZ-GHBM0I8KQtFFb0m9pXyF7YutkqSTG51pGN-8XPSbD_mYMdZm7NiR-GBFqD7QSbbnU7n5a4BWVvV7U0kvf2v8GQzWUEQjxkBFr3EGZQbQX0/s640/guy15.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAbVAiPyZGCcViQOtGHrL3taVYcJ5eVN8WmUtl4DE8P1OwMvIf0QRz1Hg6h-Ud5Z1O1lu4KSD0WyUIao9tZ-GHBM0I8KQtFFb0m9pXyF7YutkqSTG51pGN-8XPSbD_mYMdZm7NiR-GBFqD7QSbbnU7n5a4BWVvV7U0kvf2v8GQzWUEQjxkBFr3EGZQbQX0/w377-h283/guy15.jpg" width="377" /></a></div></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Bright to dark red gillulyite with yellow orange orpiment on a baryte matrix. The width of the baryte in the top photo is ~4mm. The gillulyite fragments are sub millimeter and my camera had a tough time with focusing on the minerals, partially due to the bright refection of the orpiment. At any rate it is an extremely rare mineral from the Lula Cut, South Mercur Pit. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The Mercur Mining District is on the southwest flank of
the Oquirrh Mountains, one of the easternmost ranges of the Basin and Range
Province, that dominates the western skyline at Salt Lake City (and also home
to the famous Bingham Copper Mine). The initial mining at Mercur started in
~1870 with a high-grade silver deposit but soon faded and mining turned to
cinnabar, the valuable major ore of mercury. Early miners knew that gold was
present at Mercur; however, the small flakes were invisible and tied up in dark
gray to black carbonaceous, silty limestone. The gold could not be extracted
with traditional mercury amalgamation processes (today we know Mercur as a Carlin
Type Deposit). About 1890, as the mining was about “done for” a couple of
the investors decided to try a new process rumored to be effective—cyanide leaching.
And it was successful for by 1897 the Golden Gate Mill at Mercur was the
largest cyanide mill in the U.S. and operated until ~1913. After that date the
gold production was intermittent with starts and stops by various companies. By
1983 Getty had established a very successful, large open pit with a cyanide
heap leach operation. Barrick Gold acquired this operation in 1985, added some
additional equipment and produced ~ 100,000 ounces of gold per year until reserves
became exhausted in 1995. The mines have now been reclaimed and gillulyite is
gone forever from Mercur (the official Type Locality is Lulu Cut, South Mercur
Pit) and has never been located elsewhere. As for the Mercur Mining District,
it was Utah’s largest primary gold mining district , “despite the fact that no
gold was ever recognized in hand specimens” (Utah Geological Survey). I tried
to visit the dumps in the early 2000s but was turned away by signs, fences, and “guards.” </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I REMEMBER SPRING 1970<br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCYWa7d2LEoExc4d4lfb4psNi3lvaOindKx8H8iuvibTaNM3vv-lHDl93U_gUzqLXOWqRkVulKKKxQA7LjJdCdWkZPxF2ngsQVXBGC3WNWAnbtIO8M2-d9RPSgl_sFROLEdc6EKkfWzJ8tr337DgZYMsDW46EfGYMcAhYFHi45qMmkvClvbOYXJFHi0Xjy/s750/UU%20riot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="750" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCYWa7d2LEoExc4d4lfb4psNi3lvaOindKx8H8iuvibTaNM3vv-lHDl93U_gUzqLXOWqRkVulKKKxQA7LjJdCdWkZPxF2ngsQVXBGC3WNWAnbtIO8M2-d9RPSgl_sFROLEdc6EKkfWzJ8tr337DgZYMsDW46EfGYMcAhYFHi45qMmkvClvbOYXJFHi0Xjy/s320/UU%20riot.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #434343; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">After the invasion of Cambodia in the spring of 1970. After the deaths of four students at Kent State University in Ohio on May 4, 1970, students rioted at the University of Utah. Classes were disrupted, the Daily Utah Chronicle offices were occupied, and the ROTC building was fire-bombed. On May 6, four thousand students gathered for a rally south of the Union Building. During the rally, fire broke out in an abandoned World War II building near the Union. The building was no great loss, considering it saved the costs of razing it, but a short while later 800 students marched into the Park Building and sat down (from the archives of J. Willard Marriott Library).<span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #434343; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span>Was I in the above photo? No, the geology grad students were perched on the green lawn eating our bag lunches. We all had theses and dissertations to complete (I missed the spring deadline)!</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></p>
Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-70688939974306246782023-10-13T17:47:00.001-06:002024-02-07T14:50:25.298-07:00LATRAPPITE: A RARE NIOBIUM MINERAL<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Niobium (Nb) is not a chemical element that effortlessly
slips off your tongue when asked to quickly name 25 elements. However, it is
the 34<sup>th</sup> most common element in the earth’s crust.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">It
is less abundant than zinc, nickel, and copper but more abundant than cobalt or
molybdenum. That lack of familiarity is probably due to the fact that free
niobium is not found in nature; it is always combined with other elements in
minerals. Niobium is closely related to the element tantalum and the two are
often found together in minerals. In fact, at one time in the early 1800s
chemists believed columbium (former name of niobium) and tantalum were the same
element. That is one reason that columbite [(Fe,Mn)</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Nb<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">O<sub>6</sub>)]
and tantalite [(Fe,Mn)</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Ta<sub>2</sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">O<sub>6</sub>)]
are often confused in the field with each other and the moniker
columbite-tantalite (or coltan) is attached to these unknowns. I certainly know
that in the pegmatites of the Black Hills of South Dakota most rockhounds refer
to these dark minerals as columbite-tantalite since <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it is virtually impossible to determine if
tantalum or niobium is the dominant cation. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">MinDat lists 115 minerals that contain essential
niobium, the majority of which are oxides and silicates: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>euxenite (Y-REM), fergusonite (Y-REM),
columbite, pyrochlore group, lueshite, latrappite, and limonorutile.
Commercially most niobium is extracted from ores of columbite-tantalite,
pyrochlore group, and euxenite with the largest resources located in Brazil and
Canada. The primary niobium ores are oxides of the pyrochlore group and located
in carbonatites (magmatic rocks containing more than 50% carbonate minerals)
and alkaline-syenite complexes. Carbonatites are usually associated with
crustal tectonic rift zones. (Virginia Department of Energy: Virginia Division
of Mineral Resources, Publication 115.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">A couple of years ago in Tucson, while rummaging
around in a dusty flat of minerals, I came across a specimen of latrappite. The
label was “older” and stated “compare to perovskite, same family, these are
better. From the Ray Collection.” MinDat (on my phone) informed me I was
looking at a mineral containing niobium. Older labels always attract my
attention, and often my money,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and a
couple of days before I had picked up a specimen of perovskite with a
Mineralogical Research Company (CA) label. Now I was ready to examine their
relationship—it only took me two years. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Perovskite is a calcium titanium oxide [CaTiO<sub>3</sub>]
belonging to the Orthorhombic Crystal System; however, it is pseudo cubic and crystals
generally have a cubic habit. These small cubes come in a variety of colors
from black to brown to shades of yellow, orange and red. My cubes have an
adamantine to sub-adamantine luster, are fairly hard at ~5.5 (Mohs) and seem
partially translucent (ranges from transparent to opaque).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At times some cubes have a metallic luster
and look similar to galena. Niobium is a common impurity in perovskite but not
an essential mineral. Anthony and others (2001-2005) noted perovskite forms as
an accessory mineral in alkaline mafic rocks, as nepheline syenites,
kimberlites, carbonatites, and can additionally form in calcium-rich skarns
(such as Magnet Cove, Arkansas), and is a common accessory mineral in calcium
and aluminum rich inclusions within carbonaceous chondrites.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2f6AxXVInkG4p7QulfU0GVe-lXT8NRY0NEOBqPr3WE6IpDHYitZTtEo94kH2J141K59iRo7N8JFWDNbsK7vXt610LCSM9-6mnoCB90d_TNS6CaXmUiwu0WE7crI5pAm_uYGm0uNmx1oG5voCSLNr8bJpOIgrXv77Rr4HYRLGA_zGMw4KtPdjuiWajN9RB/s640/perov9.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2f6AxXVInkG4p7QulfU0GVe-lXT8NRY0NEOBqPr3WE6IpDHYitZTtEo94kH2J141K59iRo7N8JFWDNbsK7vXt610LCSM9-6mnoCB90d_TNS6CaXmUiwu0WE7crI5pAm_uYGm0uNmx1oG5voCSLNr8bJpOIgrXv77Rr4HYRLGA_zGMw4KtPdjuiWajN9RB/s320/perov9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb8AJhkxo4B5jI4tN6ancQ6Akx7wTDldudYXbETwweWiznMchojpPReXUuuhvQBQ-DAraImp7Kdhwfwk4pWY8qNOKgi8FTTSw4hSPnprKAR6tRQ1NUjqlAn7nyL2PzTYwSVefoNiFwFfD6K3gxwvk8tnvuL_Sm3FaiPWXLXuvsHPRn87ZgU6mrM7b9dl_e/s640/perov8.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb8AJhkxo4B5jI4tN6ancQ6Akx7wTDldudYXbETwweWiznMchojpPReXUuuhvQBQ-DAraImp7Kdhwfwk4pWY8qNOKgi8FTTSw4hSPnprKAR6tRQ1NUjqlAn7nyL2PzTYwSVefoNiFwFfD6K3gxwvk8tnvuL_Sm3FaiPWXLXuvsHPRn87ZgU6mrM7b9dl_e/s320/perov8.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLafIc4KP4SXKuAIqF_euxKA6yLiXT-M1MbMUToozO4EudTWLR3j-E6svtI-UotaGlCV1d5-8_7mtl9p7xFjtjn3MV90U4sEbSBzDoUaycYnPUEmqt8raog5D965ttMp1t-AC_S_CaXcIHz8gbxE5Cydbwtik_Omb3Y_SrfobF5nzbm7ZXE1RIOaEQzUOi/s640/perov12.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLafIc4KP4SXKuAIqF_euxKA6yLiXT-M1MbMUToozO4EudTWLR3j-E6svtI-UotaGlCV1d5-8_7mtl9p7xFjtjn3MV90U4sEbSBzDoUaycYnPUEmqt8raog5D965ttMp1t-AC_S_CaXcIHz8gbxE5Cydbwtik_Omb3Y_SrfobF5nzbm7ZXE1RIOaEQzUOi/s320/perov12.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Above photomicrographs: cubes of perovskite ~.6 mm along margins. Collected Perovskite Peak, San Benito County, California.</span><br /><span style="line-height: 107%;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjoRT-MAPm3XaQhgWV26UU1A8MR3MieJ7lflpfNxcSVphXB5szOUQ_XZGoYFy7_bTjk0frkLyMQkaXCTAVzMVxRn9ABvhJ87uUgdUuxm4dfr0LWS1CPMOXQ-sgRa7RqSeurihHgVsj0Hu9XNna7tklgHbQlHLaYioN8IEVOYAmujdiEc56jIYkz3LKreCfm" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="602" data-original-width="656" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjoRT-MAPm3XaQhgWV26UU1A8MR3MieJ7lflpfNxcSVphXB5szOUQ_XZGoYFy7_bTjk0frkLyMQkaXCTAVzMVxRn9ABvhJ87uUgdUuxm4dfr0LWS1CPMOXQ-sgRa7RqSeurihHgVsj0Hu9XNna7tklgHbQlHLaYioN8IEVOYAmujdiEc56jIYkz3LKreCfm=w309-h283" width="309" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Photomicrograph, cube of perovskite ~ 2mm on edge. Some overgrowth of calcite. Collected from Malenco Valley, Valtellina, Sondrio Province, Lombardy, Italy.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: left;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">In contrast to perovskite, latrappite is a mineral
where niobium is an essential element—Ca<sub>2</sub>NbFeO<sub>6. </sub>So,
what is the relationship between latrappite and perovskite? One simple
explanation is that the crystals of both minerals look similar to each
other—crystals are Orthorhombic but pseudo cubic and have a cubic outline,
cleavage is absent, the colors of the cubes are usually black to dark brown, a
hardness of ~5.5 (Mohs), a metallic luster, and generally are collected form
carbonatite complexes. A more “scientific” explanation is that the niobium
exceeds the titanium in latrappite type minerals. In fact, at one time
latrappite was known as niobium perovskite. Due to the analysis by Mitchell and
others (2017) the IMA redefined niobium perovskite as latrappite (niobium
greater than titanium) from a type locality (Carbonatite Complex),
Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Quebec, Canada. But it also remains as a
mineral of the Perovskite Supergroup. <o:p></o:p></span></p></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ9A1vNTeTAVX2N1EduHiyfhpAcxqWpioIWuwcne_VX-60Njfug2kOkBEsdwZSCCy0tliy1f-biyRazFtI2wadKJ4MK-iy2y33vBaiJNeAi9Md7Oow05WZGZKwqUJlHTrf2aKWJF7lOco1Bb6a2WstkZwTqWbs4gqjq4yW-pbNTHNGNjC9TK2ZhdoxLOwU/s640/latrappite1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ9A1vNTeTAVX2N1EduHiyfhpAcxqWpioIWuwcne_VX-60Njfug2kOkBEsdwZSCCy0tliy1f-biyRazFtI2wadKJ4MK-iy2y33vBaiJNeAi9Md7Oow05WZGZKwqUJlHTrf2aKWJF7lOco1Bb6a2WstkZwTqWbs4gqjq4yW-pbNTHNGNjC9TK2ZhdoxLOwU/s320/latrappite1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoaphru3eeuVYfHQ5bcMMsqdIIhTncwjMIgpnnqB5Hw0krl2VcJoB7YFrkUQeWIlEhdWabYfplVf4p84s43uy8NdgqMPaUsvdGEoQNLpEWAqUZrgXtQ9LRICX6McZIMfSTAjJEM0RqMsDR5B14NfrIHeCo2AeUaU1ocdanDtCeBLEgBdusLDMDnMBxu5Im/s640/latrappite5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoaphru3eeuVYfHQ5bcMMsqdIIhTncwjMIgpnnqB5Hw0krl2VcJoB7YFrkUQeWIlEhdWabYfplVf4p84s43uy8NdgqMPaUsvdGEoQNLpEWAqUZrgXtQ9LRICX6McZIMfSTAjJEM0RqMsDR5B14NfrIHeCo2AeUaU1ocdanDtCeBLEgBdusLDMDnMBxu5Im/s320/latrappite5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">A cube of latrappite ~2.4 mm on edge. Collected from the Type Locality, Bond Zone, Oka, Deux-Montagnes RCM, Laurentides, Quebec, Canada.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"><br /> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">REFERENCES
CITED<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Anthony, J.W. R.A Bichard, A. Bideaux, K.
W. Bladh, and M. C. Nichols, Eds., 2001-2005, Handbook of Mineralogy,
Mineralogical Society of America, Chantilly, VA 20151-1110, USA. http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Mitchell, R., M.D. Welch, and A.R. Chakhmouradian, 2017,
Nomenclature of the perovskite supergroup: A hierarchical system of
classification based on crystal structure and composition. Mineralogical
Magazine: 81(3): 411-461. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.156<o:p></o:p></span></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-7272140482482202992023-10-08T14:08:00.002-06:002023-10-08T14:08:35.458-06:00WHAT TO DO WITH A VOLCANIC PLUG<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Painting of Edinburgh Castle ~1780 by Alexander Nasmyth. Public Domain</span></span>. <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJAtnSxTKd4rwteAwCt1dJfmYbAgt8NTMHPawC07EDZjMtNyUlEA_ESRs10xzlhSUk0n0KfyYEK1aBDczYj1hBN_DxSteoNXPVYmJFhcAAE0DxKgCnADZBAuKfGQhVehsN_5T89ldkHVnK_PZmyqn8ox9o-U8u2Yy3J_jh0BVtwCSS0-CNMdTOLR9I52zu/s263/Edinpain.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="263" data-original-width="232" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJAtnSxTKd4rwteAwCt1dJfmYbAgt8NTMHPawC07EDZjMtNyUlEA_ESRs10xzlhSUk0n0KfyYEK1aBDczYj1hBN_DxSteoNXPVYmJFhcAAE0DxKgCnADZBAuKfGQhVehsN_5T89ldkHVnK_PZmyqn8ox9o-U8u2Yy3J_jh0BVtwCSS0-CNMdTOLR9I52zu/w264-h299/Edinpain.jpeg" width="264" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The title says it all!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>What does one person/state/country do with a volcanic plug? I asked this
question to a group of beginning geology students many decades ago. Probably
the most common answer was to quarry the basalt (or similar volcanic rock) and
use the material for construction aggregate. Since volcanic plugs, or any volcanic
material (except bentonite and wind blown ash), are unknown in the superficial sedimentary rocks of Kansas that was a reasonable guess.
In further discussions I found that several of the students had seen cinder
cone quarries during vacation trips/field trips through New Mexico and/or Arizona. There is
a world of difference between cinder cones and volcanic plugs.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7t8abnQfBWlU_xt7Gq6St3VoEA4WtpoNrzWwSiDwmqTDtXhOGqQJzgYsLkFnEpmMLX61ZpCfmatvtEyI4_ddU3UhKEhwS-_PPN7I1yun16okLh91KeCUtdI8UhThJ_-pskaV3eGzkJnMrcNuxh6nOY4So-q0Yn_3rCQmLV6Ds2rQDO0I1XWECEzHTsSx_/s800/Sunsetcrater13.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="800" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7t8abnQfBWlU_xt7Gq6St3VoEA4WtpoNrzWwSiDwmqTDtXhOGqQJzgYsLkFnEpmMLX61ZpCfmatvtEyI4_ddU3UhKEhwS-_PPN7I1yun16okLh91KeCUtdI8UhThJ_-pskaV3eGzkJnMrcNuxh6nOY4So-q0Yn_3rCQmLV6Ds2rQDO0I1XWECEzHTsSx_/w363-h243/Sunsetcrater13.JPG" width="363" /></a><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Sunset Crater is a large cinder cone located north of Flagstaff, Arizona, in the San Francisco volcanic field. The vent erupted ~1075. Photo Public Domain and courtesy of Mike Sanchez.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">A cinder cone is a smaller conical hill composed of
volcanic ejecta-- loose pyroclastic clinkers, volcanic ash, or scoria—that
formed when a volcanic vent “blew” small fragments into the air and as they
rained back down the fragments cooled and accumulated in a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cone-like structure. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These small cones are often quarried for
construction aggregate, decorative yard rocks, and even for use in “backyard barbecue” grills as a cover for the burners. There is virtually no large-scale
solidification of the clinkers, and they literally may be “scooped up” with a
shovel or backhoe. Easy to quarry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">A volcanic plug is formed when molten magma
hardens in the throat of an active volcano and blocks further eruptions from
that particular vent. Sometimes the volcano becomes “unplugged” as massive
pressure builds up under the plug and a very explosive eruption takes place—the
volcano “blows its stack.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At other
times the pressure in the magma field simply opens a new vent. At other times, as the vents start
to cool down, the plug in the throat also hardens into a very tough basaltic type
of rock (I use this term to indicate any of the fine-grained, extrusive igneous
rocks that form from the rapid cooling of lava rich in magnesium and iron. Some
are actually diabase or dolerite or trachyte or a variety of other types). In
fact, these throat rocks are often harder than the surrounding country rocks.
As time moves on, erosion removes much/most of the surrounding rock and the volcanic
plug becomes a positive topographic feature. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There are literally hundreds of these plugs
scattered across the world but to me the most impressive are the volcanic
plugs scattered across the red rocks of the Colorado Plateau. The most famous plug
of the Plateau is probably Ship Rock near the Four Corners area of Colorado,
Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona although nearby Agathla Peak, seven miles north of Kayenta, is much more intimate and easier to reach.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxuwUfttZWgOTT_ManYhyLjUIseGmpi6lciCb9_y_StIdcX82zRcQds6Bq23p_KYoHlgGIl-m2A3bEjvD-awLXrmleWHBuKODYN43e4ZztjMjQO6k8qhGt2lfvXxrkeM43AyvniW2PgzWL/s400/BLOGmv4.JPG" width="400" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Agathla Peak, a volcanic plug, rises about 1500 feet above the desert floor in the Four Corners area.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">So, to add a second choice to the question—preserve the
plug as a scenic area or state park or wilderness or tourist attraction.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ZoFq9XTaObUXwq9IaieefGTnAbVoTBO_h475DVV-LOimtVUD35xHlbcjuuBPUW-Mo5QYspmRYtR-68-dHF6saQhuqo5vT54zEGSvHWFfBLtmUBTDM7QnAvtDHBCdgCEUz7-vIWlGFH-UVMtxusPP2MLkaNJyHFwrhIS4oXJf-tY7aHWrNZMZrrnsvjhq/s4000/Edinburgh_Castle_from_the_North.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2118" data-original-width="4000" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ZoFq9XTaObUXwq9IaieefGTnAbVoTBO_h475DVV-LOimtVUD35xHlbcjuuBPUW-Mo5QYspmRYtR-68-dHF6saQhuqo5vT54zEGSvHWFfBLtmUBTDM7QnAvtDHBCdgCEUz7-vIWlGFH-UVMtxusPP2MLkaNJyHFwrhIS4oXJf-tY7aHWrNZMZrrnsvjhq/w497-h262/Edinburgh_Castle_from_the_North.jpeg" width="497" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Edinburgh Castle. Public Domain photo courtesy of kids.kiddle.co.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihPGvYVkXJaG37jf4y-16YUUOZjZDyPCTsE3mzIenFf3xIQ24hHaLpBXoxrZsH6Zwwl2agf_SFTzCpfHFPkTkd9fU4iOxwSq0nU4k-tmehhI8oWLgEqrtfBrtlN0ZHM9Gs6MhItwyKJNRELv5tzTGmOgZlD5htpfNgJAAt8IuEZm8M5G_MoAIR_UULNca7/s800/castlerock1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihPGvYVkXJaG37jf4y-16YUUOZjZDyPCTsE3mzIenFf3xIQ24hHaLpBXoxrZsH6Zwwl2agf_SFTzCpfHFPkTkd9fU4iOxwSq0nU4k-tmehhI8oWLgEqrtfBrtlN0ZHM9Gs6MhItwyKJNRELv5tzTGmOgZlD5htpfNgJAAt8IuEZm8M5G_MoAIR_UULNca7/w374-h281/castlerock1.jpg" width="374" /></a></div></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Edinburgh Castle, with associated buildings (including the New Barracks 1799), situated on the summit of Castle Rock, a volcanic plug.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I find a third choice perhaps the most intriguing—build
a fortified castle. I recently returned from a two-week train trip, with
nightly stops at guest houses or pubs, visiting England and Scotland, from the southwestern
beaches of England to North Sea beaches on the Firth of Forth in Scotland (I
love the name of that locality). </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXILkdnY8JXeSEjWrCcSr8ndjISRq3VfZeXAR3HvLY1jygPZudPX90e9wIp711nKEm0sIzNBtl2zBpGQVOI12mwx1Dpr3ou9kgn7Ki2isv0HkvTVLHVdUMaLevUju7Q5_M1ygK0fl7pfNDAB4eDpycITk3aPbJE5ZHswyE0knpbVgmiOAvXxh6aKmivaJQ/s1080/castle2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXILkdnY8JXeSEjWrCcSr8ndjISRq3VfZeXAR3HvLY1jygPZudPX90e9wIp711nKEm0sIzNBtl2zBpGQVOI12mwx1Dpr3ou9kgn7Ki2isv0HkvTVLHVdUMaLevUju7Q5_M1ygK0fl7pfNDAB4eDpycITk3aPbJE5ZHswyE0knpbVgmiOAvXxh6aKmivaJQ/w409-h230/castle2.jpeg" width="409" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">The UK has a magnificent high speed passenger rail system. We opted for a rail pass available to U.S. residents and spent a few dollars more for First Class. Wow. Luxury reserved seating with complimentary (somehow I paid for it) food and libations.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSCpZ42CmeAzOxkUO9z92S6xW7t9mVzNaPVym3YUsBGKpH5bQMnmO_slhyphenhyphenxQWhFzIN-RgZT2YomMHzfTAao3iX4T05llTA0URVVUhaWAfutsTAxJ75LDF4Tix8d4-LCkFB0BAvaefFE5zKV2j0WNI961wlgXcZRmsGZAk56ZHYPkAMwu2D7mD_zDIYj8SQ/s1080/foodTRAIN.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSCpZ42CmeAzOxkUO9z92S6xW7t9mVzNaPVym3YUsBGKpH5bQMnmO_slhyphenhyphenxQWhFzIN-RgZT2YomMHzfTAao3iX4T05llTA0URVVUhaWAfutsTAxJ75LDF4Tix8d4-LCkFB0BAvaefFE5zKV2j0WNI961wlgXcZRmsGZAk56ZHYPkAMwu2D7mD_zDIYj8SQ/w379-h213/foodTRAIN.jpeg" width="379" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVvX-XxiIfGzoKDPLqyoczSlv8vyU7QTpXS0tEiBytgVkabO4lnbaNP64SHPDKMMXVOchtm9L2TEDVISLP9k21xQ5dLH2LGeqeUBY-23RDz87kxANxYU95aKQxkWbEVx9MjORBAE384O-QNFWe7Z4vl4_Nq5V0cLFVKOk4xNBhuMJe-H5Vphh-oLkR2A5F/s822/cas7.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="822" data-original-width="444" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVvX-XxiIfGzoKDPLqyoczSlv8vyU7QTpXS0tEiBytgVkabO4lnbaNP64SHPDKMMXVOchtm9L2TEDVISLP9k21xQ5dLH2LGeqeUBY-23RDz87kxANxYU95aKQxkWbEVx9MjORBAE384O-QNFWe7Z4vl4_Nq5V0cLFVKOk4xNBhuMJe-H5Vphh-oLkR2A5F/s320/cas7.jpeg" width="173" /></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6XoTvEWajROTikwNSpDTVQqQpqzd9diVGMF4sAC16u4GtDmqI9SyGSF4l8Y6WiGcyq_y7ldFPcJRCE0IOToZo8QxY_lbODCKmXoPC9OQ6LM8NO1D_7c2zNT-_LK2YHp52SKhA3AOz3JlNraiLuLjBuHRSkGLWvWlylj39C7Ly1BVGp5kgjqJwvlhbfBCv/s1080/trainDI.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6XoTvEWajROTikwNSpDTVQqQpqzd9diVGMF4sAC16u4GtDmqI9SyGSF4l8Y6WiGcyq_y7ldFPcJRCE0IOToZo8QxY_lbODCKmXoPC9OQ6LM8NO1D_7c2zNT-_LK2YHp52SKhA3AOz3JlNraiLuLjBuHRSkGLWvWlylj39C7Ly1BVGp5kgjqJwvlhbfBCv/s320/trainDI.jpeg" width="180" /></a></div></div><br />As most of us know, thanks to British BBC and/or U.S. PBS
shows, the UK has numerous castles spread over the country. Some are in ruins
while others are in quite good shape although the tremendous monetary expenditures
needed for upkeep often necessitate opening the residences for tourist visitation. Most
are built on flatlands complete with moats and swans; a few are built on higher
points. The most impressive castle I observed on this trip was Edinburgh Castle (Scotland) situated on
the high point of Old Town and constructed on Castle Rock. Impressive to a geologist since
Castle Rock is a volcanic plug and was incorporated into the foundations of the
buildings. In other words, the master stone masons did not “smooth off” the
plug but cut dimension stone to fit the varied surface. I suspect that only an
ole plugger like me would notice such a masterful piece of work; however, I was
really impressed. The Castle was started sometime in the early 1200s; however, Castle Peak was inhabited several centuries earlier. In the
ensuing 1100 years Scotland and England were the sites of almost continuous warfare,
and the Castle of sieges, at least 21 according to our tour guide. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Readers need to use a web browser and “look up”
Edinburgh Castle.</span><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_7Oz-EAm6dSg-DpVGa3y2Rh9bzYGGosLkBEBJ2c69ll8YLZPSMfQcE3JFtDM-O0KP2lTf7PrRKoVjcJ6Gjrm0InUbinaPe94chJ5Z4SvnhOfdn7-FMgwj3gTTUSB56OK0KtlxlCNTCBwQEp9NNev0Kd4m0VniAP308P1r7n5u6ULIM7pDeczZtbeESgxd/s1080/cas6.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="354" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_7Oz-EAm6dSg-DpVGa3y2Rh9bzYGGosLkBEBJ2c69ll8YLZPSMfQcE3JFtDM-O0KP2lTf7PrRKoVjcJ6Gjrm0InUbinaPe94chJ5Z4SvnhOfdn7-FMgwj3gTTUSB56OK0KtlxlCNTCBwQEp9NNev0Kd4m0VniAP308P1r7n5u6ULIM7pDeczZtbeESgxd/w199-h354/cas6.jpeg" width="199" /></a></span></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Stonemasons quarried local limestone and sandstone as well as parts of the plug.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGk1XCGOvmi3dukKRUqa1frJD2gUttZ2o5Tf9y2PWR1iYU84uL22M7vOd-Sz__nmiWhR6xoekemr48kRKPhhIzqhBvxT-rm3RgxzsDTPkm7uZJYeG6QiD6Z3_3T3dDFC7C82XoX6Q0iZW6QozWDdYADuzNhlqtNcgux5YRyyMRIdQK8ObLcbPMDqdq8pkU/s1080/cas5.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGk1XCGOvmi3dukKRUqa1frJD2gUttZ2o5Tf9y2PWR1iYU84uL22M7vOd-Sz__nmiWhR6xoekemr48kRKPhhIzqhBvxT-rm3RgxzsDTPkm7uZJYeG6QiD6Z3_3T3dDFC7C82XoX6Q0iZW6QozWDdYADuzNhlqtNcgux5YRyyMRIdQK8ObLcbPMDqdq8pkU/w226-h402/cas5.jpeg" width="226" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Notice how the building stones "fit" into then topography of the igneous rock foundation.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcOZTudZGfR1nlB6hGlY-WPRtbQQ4Y0mmki1xO8CHzrAhnjyWpTquftlFsssMFR5cI5Bvu0PloIyKbfFdf-A3KgTD7zCHxz9UH8wqbC4Lzmrsq3jO_84_r2TmZhoGy4L-Ptjkycr3aBoTKjz3gKnsS-zuiyeeP3kJiyr5ZsmMTxhUsZyLQPs-Ew8Bb0vmM/s254/Soldiers_of_the_Castle_garrison,_c.1845.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="180" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcOZTudZGfR1nlB6hGlY-WPRtbQQ4Y0mmki1xO8CHzrAhnjyWpTquftlFsssMFR5cI5Bvu0PloIyKbfFdf-A3KgTD7zCHxz9UH8wqbC4Lzmrsq3jO_84_r2TmZhoGy4L-Ptjkycr3aBoTKjz3gKnsS-zuiyeeP3kJiyr5ZsmMTxhUsZyLQPs-Ew8Bb0vmM/w236-h333/Soldiers_of_the_Castle_garrison,_c.1845.jpg" width="236" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv_xZ8ktv0rFySkvZANFkSh26BUYMmgu49_vunszbAp4QteEe_S4xDf554czvuH-FWrucclsPRzBUGUzo8mHYA_64BHtfpwwgmzoqMrhxQyzJnbtTf7SPJgteiTnQOTK21zFgRBRyhj9GjEEQqHGQr-IrBasAGDvse0VYF7ZG_guWyZ9b_gRKSfK3iRF4q/s1080/cannonMIKE.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="608" height="409" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv_xZ8ktv0rFySkvZANFkSh26BUYMmgu49_vunszbAp4QteEe_S4xDf554czvuH-FWrucclsPRzBUGUzo8mHYA_64BHtfpwwgmzoqMrhxQyzJnbtTf7SPJgteiTnQOTK21zFgRBRyhj9GjEEQqHGQr-IrBasAGDvse0VYF7ZG_guWyZ9b_gRKSfK3iRF4q/w230-h409/cannonMIKE.jpeg" width="230" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Soldiers of the Castle Garrison ca. 1845 (Top, Public Domain). A lone guard 2023 (Bottom)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">.<br /></span><p></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The geological makeup of Scotland is extremely complex
and many/most of the country seems composed of small orphan terranes stitched
together during plate movements. The volcanoes that produced Castle Rock, and
numerous other volcanic features of southern Scotland, are about 350 Ma, early Carboniferous
(Mississippian in the U.S.) Period. At that time “Scotland” was part of the Supercontinent Pangaea and situated near
the equator. There were periodic incursions of shallow marine waters and the southern Scottish volcanoes evidently intruded, at times, into these shallow seas. Many of the local
quarried stones for the Castle buildings are of shallow marine origin of Devonian
and Carboniferous age. Pleistocene glaciation helped create most of the modern
landscape of Scotland and was critical in shaping the “modern” Castle Rock. As
glaciers moved in from the north the volcanic rocks were more resistant to
erosion than the surrounding sedimentary rocks and left the plug as a isolated
highland. However, the harder plug (a crag) protected the sedimentary rocks on the
leeward side and formed a somewhat tapered ramp (tail). The Scots like to call
this a “crag and tail formation.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirgJdtk5nncEimsgMrIWaOYwg3qqCh83mVSmmbB2iIlMZ5Hgw0eyqZNlCcY2uoczZz-ROvnKryt6Nj-oN1v110GhbvHAXmzTRt5wVjji-oa7lRyMwbd2AdutQNDLctRKdNn5UqbYFJYiMoPmYok0LnUqY55P01eMAF6pSYD02i0rGH78dSwWpbRZF_Lq8n/s300/Crag_and_tail.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="130" data-original-width="300" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirgJdtk5nncEimsgMrIWaOYwg3qqCh83mVSmmbB2iIlMZ5Hgw0eyqZNlCcY2uoczZz-ROvnKryt6Nj-oN1v110GhbvHAXmzTRt5wVjji-oa7lRyMwbd2AdutQNDLctRKdNn5UqbYFJYiMoPmYok0LnUqY55P01eMAF6pSYD02i0rGH78dSwWpbRZF_Lq8n/s1600/Crag_and_tail.png" width="300" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Edinburgh Castle is built on a volcanic plug or crag (A), the Pleistocene glaciation moved from left to right (C), B is the tail of rock on the leeward side protected from massive erosion by the crag. Public Domain figure.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I saw many impressive sites on the journey and we
surprised our concerned children that an 80-year-old-guy who walks with a knee
brace and cane, along with a very tough spouse, were able to do a fair bit of walking
in the villages and completed the steep hike up Castle Rock. There were challenges as we picked
small guest houses or lodges that normally do not have elevators. The toughest
was a four-story lodge in Edinburgh with narrow steps that required schlepping two,
forty-pound roller bags along with backpacks up 80 steps—one at a time. The scariest
time was trying to board a Birmingham train station escalator (lift
was out of order), losing my balance, and falling backwards. Strange feeling looking
up while in a slanted position and people screaming “shut it down”. My heavy backpack
protected my head and the people behind me dodged the tumbling roller bag and
held me steady until the contraption shut down. EMTs were quick to clean me up
and stop the bleeding from a series of “wolverine claw marks” running up my leg
(from those bitty pointy teeth on the steps). But life goes on and old geologists
are tough old birds and used to tumbles. We caught a later train and had a
extra ale in a nifty inn in Shrewsbury. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2qhLE-cFPe9eAguoc1u4L7yEuxkWnroX9a9Sllxj3kZzIfBrKjyivkyny9zIT9NAKt9yIOkbM_tejOn7xTVSjT7dnAS9XLcmLWXX_aXtzz3x92czKuUXgm5HhhxOp4xuyG8IV45s2ZlT-OLzOaZyOTcRlEYNErAcGgQMamCPvUuYkr0BTWDasWot9VlCe/s1080/shrewsbury.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1080" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2qhLE-cFPe9eAguoc1u4L7yEuxkWnroX9a9Sllxj3kZzIfBrKjyivkyny9zIT9NAKt9yIOkbM_tejOn7xTVSjT7dnAS9XLcmLWXX_aXtzz3x92czKuUXgm5HhhxOp4xuyG8IV45s2ZlT-OLzOaZyOTcRlEYNErAcGgQMamCPvUuYkr0BTWDasWot9VlCe/w384-h216/shrewsbury.jpeg" width="384" /></a></span></span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><p></p><br />Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-54691292181569070482023-08-25T20:08:00.000-06:002023-08-25T20:08:37.759-06:00ITALIAN ANTIMONY AND BORON BUT NO COINS IN A FOUNTAIN<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">One of the problems for an ole plugger like me is to purchase
a very small collection, 10 or a dozen specimens, and then decide that a few of
the minerals may be too complicated (especially too small) to describe on this
Blog. Most of the time these minerals are not in my meager mineralogical vocabulary
and are often from non-North/South American mines. It is then that I thank the
existence of MinDat!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Two recent specimens are from mines in Italy, and I
have spent several hours trying to learn something about the mines and their
minerals. I suppose that is the meaning of being a lifelong learner!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Le Cetine di
Cotorniano Mine, <a href="https://www.mindat.org/loc-130842.html"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Chiusdino</span></a>, Siena Province, <a href="https://www.mindat.org/loc-6960.html"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tuscany</span></a>, Italy, is a closed antimony mine that
only lasted for a couple of years in the mid-1940s. I tried to locate something
about the history of the mine but since I do not read Italian, I was in a bind.
What was interesting, at least to me, was that the mine operated right at the
end of WWII (1943-1945). Was the antimony used in the “war effort” and was the
mine discarded with the capitulation of German and Italian fascists holding the
northern part of the country? I don’t know.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj8qRZ-FzlWIVfUr4rdgrG4AtA-NDZpGFOJPF3zC0z7UfryrRXV4ZNfXQDyWPBa4nXB8ldsDig-vuTiJwrAeG96iGqR3ATo83CzSgr3we5uRbnpr3C0ny3Xa8ZWPikO_GLBhA0if7Nu4jzURUCLMD6X2yNYk_6whiqCFe5bGYyX4oqHnSdcym0xswk5ICv/s375/triph111.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="279" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj8qRZ-FzlWIVfUr4rdgrG4AtA-NDZpGFOJPF3zC0z7UfryrRXV4ZNfXQDyWPBa4nXB8ldsDig-vuTiJwrAeG96iGqR3ATo83CzSgr3we5uRbnpr3C0ny3Xa8ZWPikO_GLBhA0if7Nu4jzURUCLMD6X2yNYk_6whiqCFe5bGYyX4oqHnSdcym0xswk5ICv/w278-h374/triph111.jpg" width="278" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Dark, elongated stibnite crystals (submillimeter in length), the major source of antimony at the Mine</span>. <p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Kr5rWi9hdB-2v3g_AiCh6-8t3671PJ1n2YAcOQkG22hT0cdVY6plkDHvQPoeyf4NuaVgFU48sUsfF39wPTg9AVV0eGoPIljwcv66BKpdyXMtW243g7LaR0hkf3_1qHPjZocNr-xs09ldPhKNjw_30fsEL4ih7e9XebbXLGU98NpJ0AFCCcZcvpEE0v80/s398/triph33.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="341" height="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Kr5rWi9hdB-2v3g_AiCh6-8t3671PJ1n2YAcOQkG22hT0cdVY6plkDHvQPoeyf4NuaVgFU48sUsfF39wPTg9AVV0eGoPIljwcv66BKpdyXMtW243g7LaR0hkf3_1qHPjZocNr-xs09ldPhKNjw_30fsEL4ih7e9XebbXLGU98NpJ0AFCCcZcvpEE0v80/w347-h405/triph33.jpg" width="347" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ_931Q5ckFsrK7OOfp_vy8h2JPkQA-dU1EwtExOWemmGhjhSVkrcCgaDO-BKxcIA5pemCPyn1p1BWlWXnZuKI7vPyT9GPdWWg0iMqyZZP_wIMKHzljTiEABQVpXVFAIZ7C_8Yk7PZFNx8IsYshcQeVBxHEn7kRI2Hcn8FZg-3eYmpiH4V4QzamyEzB4SK/s340/triph66.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="241" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ_931Q5ckFsrK7OOfp_vy8h2JPkQA-dU1EwtExOWemmGhjhSVkrcCgaDO-BKxcIA5pemCPyn1p1BWlWXnZuKI7vPyT9GPdWWg0iMqyZZP_wIMKHzljTiEABQVpXVFAIZ7C_8Yk7PZFNx8IsYshcQeVBxHEn7kRI2Hcn8FZg-3eYmpiH4V4QzamyEzB4SK/w319-h450/triph66.jpg" width="319" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yellow to yellow tan tripuhyite. Top crystal cluster is submillimeter in length as is the lower massive (with a few crystals) aggregate.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">What I do know is that this small, obscure mine, at
least to me, has a modern inventory of 83 valid minerals including five Types.
Four of these five Types have antimony in various oxidation states. The
specimen I purchased is tripuhyite [FeSbO</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">], an antimonate (a metal;
ferric iron 3+), oxygen (2-), and antimony with an oxidation state of 5+.
Crystals are mostly composed of fibers that range from washed out yellow to
brownish yellow to brown to brownish black. At times the fibers appear as a
“mass of worms” while other specimens exhibit rosettes of fibers/crystals. The
Clara Mine in Germany has produced some beautiful “blooming” rosettes and
spherical crystal aggregates. The luster is usually dull to waxy, and someone
has measured the hardness as ~6-7 (Mohs). </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl7eS9DkMnyCBy8SL5EUB2FFXXQt1e-Saoc5yMDcGEVxa3qTmPAoY_Xrvb1KdypvepDEmav9G0mxP2YoY4yT6nHSWOJXq7j75Hi_J-IfWP0Na36Sgn8SaiSByDXVlfrej7IG8ZjaE5Eg5te9ZhioGRvQHI4f_JgdmtqDfnAFrrDkt3ninfGO9n-iLlb6cB/s426/triph10vug.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="277" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl7eS9DkMnyCBy8SL5EUB2FFXXQt1e-Saoc5yMDcGEVxa3qTmPAoY_Xrvb1KdypvepDEmav9G0mxP2YoY4yT6nHSWOJXq7j75Hi_J-IfWP0Na36Sgn8SaiSByDXVlfrej7IG8ZjaE5Eg5te9ZhioGRvQHI4f_JgdmtqDfnAFrrDkt3ninfGO9n-iLlb6cB/w238-h366/triph10vug.jpg" width="238" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The vug containing several minerals. Maximum width of vug ~3 mm. The yellow mystery mineral occupying most of the vug may be ?jarosite (see below).</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_RNHHgPUpgVgoV98psz8hSWAvThG07Xlu8fBQiq1l3Z3G8qeNKOoJTYlSDE7k21xtA6fo15T8wabwtbS2jZX9ndOgruRZ71j7MydMx9gP2tEVmzH4W7q3p4w2m5KxbQz43iQlj5I1rk7haQJi5wg9GgCLLMunPsNjfPtnmgD6kiJolj16enIFgVmb8C4t/s640/triph16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_RNHHgPUpgVgoV98psz8hSWAvThG07Xlu8fBQiq1l3Z3G8qeNKOoJTYlSDE7k21xtA6fo15T8wabwtbS2jZX9ndOgruRZ71j7MydMx9gP2tEVmzH4W7q3p4w2m5KxbQz43iQlj5I1rk7haQJi5wg9GgCLLMunPsNjfPtnmgD6kiJolj16enIFgVmb8C4t/w429-h322/triph16.jpg" width="429" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh03y27le98LSFaelqUrZRRUCAim7Dw0xa3JUEZEdA8TtU0Pbck3mzwC8U-uAI7KXLcbxOMXhzCi161wzHcj2mWqW0XXwh-LJJIU2zLJ-SPS_wbZyoc1Y9q9oYR9q17FoBIa2Fu9EdJk1eY05tVeCspsIEEBe6PkkxFTdYGuGL10QlqK1ZTNb2OUX6dW_Fm/s640/elpas23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh03y27le98LSFaelqUrZRRUCAim7Dw0xa3JUEZEdA8TtU0Pbck3mzwC8U-uAI7KXLcbxOMXhzCi161wzHcj2mWqW0XXwh-LJJIU2zLJ-SPS_wbZyoc1Y9q9oYR9q17FoBIa2Fu9EdJk1eY05tVeCspsIEEBe6PkkxFTdYGuGL10QlqK1ZTNb2OUX6dW_Fm/w415-h311/elpas23.jpg" width="415" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">My tripuhyite specimens occur within
a vug from the mine matrix and are extremely small with individual crystals
less than one mm. The mystery mineral that occupies most of the vug, well it is
a mystery! The older label from Minerals Unlimited stated calcite; however, it
is not a carbonate. My best guess is a few larger amber crystals are elpasolite
[K</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">NaAlF</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">6</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">] while the majority of the smaller vitreous
crystals are jarosite [KFe</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3+</sup><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(SO</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">)</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(OH)</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">6</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">].
Due to the “smallness” of the crystals I cannot obtain good photos. I have
identified a few stibnite crystals [orthorhombic Sb</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">S</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">]</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">and
a bright crimson dimorph of stibnite called metastibnite [amorphous Sb</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">S</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">]. There
are tiny, numerous, scattered, acicular crystals that could be cetineite
[(K,Na)</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">6</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Sb</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3+</sup><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">12</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(Sb</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3+</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">S</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">)</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">O</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">18</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(OH)</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">0.5</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> ·5H</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">O]
but I would need an electronic gizmo to give me some ID help. There are also
other unknown minerals in the small vug!</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrgv07QslQKmaYjle7BpeCaa3LBEJjVgTPcJsKuzBDyu_Y7w_wZ2n5VVZUJmiYmKM48NfSmeEQzIOGCB-Nr3buSb4wiExR2vQ89uEI8PYRXzhNDaU9wdRzqHMBtiAaGmwhqR0RWwZJrxR40sKDLbSE4K2O-eAIBymEIRU9xBx6hqL-LbtDesot71NwfnmX/s640/elpas6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrgv07QslQKmaYjle7BpeCaa3LBEJjVgTPcJsKuzBDyu_Y7w_wZ2n5VVZUJmiYmKM48NfSmeEQzIOGCB-Nr3buSb4wiExR2vQ89uEI8PYRXzhNDaU9wdRzqHMBtiAaGmwhqR0RWwZJrxR40sKDLbSE4K2O-eAIBymEIRU9xBx6hqL-LbtDesot71NwfnmX/w412-h309/elpas6.jpg" width="412" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhimOiuzbekdrjw7A5bcv4YL9YfYWJ1cB9ROzl1YNmG0lI6QLuluifiy56opDiOQDYBe_UJNYtRpssnnNJfWbmS1udVpwOG7CBh9tEInVgYtLnM_bkqt_5gFEM84MyhnC42XXx1YWnAy9DFsA0XdhZzOFN9dpbJUIi8K6eQ96l4QYStq-yskybR1nqYEyEe/s640/triELPASO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhimOiuzbekdrjw7A5bcv4YL9YfYWJ1cB9ROzl1YNmG0lI6QLuluifiy56opDiOQDYBe_UJNYtRpssnnNJfWbmS1udVpwOG7CBh9tEInVgYtLnM_bkqt_5gFEM84MyhnC42XXx1YWnAy9DFsA0XdhZzOFN9dpbJUIi8K6eQ96l4QYStq-yskybR1nqYEyEe/w434-h326/triELPASO.jpg" width="434" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Are these amber crystals elpasolite? Again they are submillimeter in size.</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6ta2dvl8ezRZADdvpPbDl2AWtH-By1_m5wOMIaTtI2btoLTa0kAuATnCxaqOzvpDv_GbDSi6I0g2Rrw8sXHQNuHfY3LKX2Hlz1Zi6l8Ht1fC_UXe69vJn4__ynrES0w9SuDYdRpqmYYlj6ZXH27pcRSjmwo0ie7A0ZLwWO7n8kTbMou9AKC12-VQdxnrN/s479/triph5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="425" height="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6ta2dvl8ezRZADdvpPbDl2AWtH-By1_m5wOMIaTtI2btoLTa0kAuATnCxaqOzvpDv_GbDSi6I0g2Rrw8sXHQNuHfY3LKX2Hlz1Zi6l8Ht1fC_UXe69vJn4__ynrES0w9SuDYdRpqmYYlj6ZXH27pcRSjmwo0ie7A0ZLwWO7n8kTbMou9AKC12-VQdxnrN/w336-h379/triph5.jpg" width="336" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Bright crimson metastibnite. It evidently forms from the oxidation of stibnite, its crystalline dimorph. I am uncertain about the hexagonal stack of crystals.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">MinDat (retrieved 23 August 2023) stated
“Mineralization in brecciated dolomitic limestones developed in Triassic
evaporitic deposits which has been silicified by hydrothermal fluids
circulating in the fault system. These fluids deposited the stibnite
mineralization.”</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">My second Italian
Mine is the Brosso Mine located within the city of Turin. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The
mines have been known since ancient times for the abundance and great variety
of their minerals, of which samples exist in all the collections of Europe. The
beginning of the cultivation of these mines dates back, according to the news
reported in the "Monograph of the Sclopis brothers", to the time of
the Romans, who apparently practiced lead and silver metallurgy starting from
the argentiferous galena</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">. [Translated from comunee.Brosso.to.it;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Miniere di Brosso.] </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">By the 18<sup>th</sup> Century miners were after
pyrite to produce iron II sulfate [FeSO<sub>4</sub>-xH<sub>2</sub>O] that was
used in the textile industry to fix various dyes and to blacken leather. By the
late 1800s industry was distilling Brosso pyrite to produce sulfuric acid [H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>].
Although tough to find these days, Brosso collectors cherish specimens of
pyrite crystals mixed with magnetite crystals. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">As a small sidenote, starting about in the 5<sup>th</sup>
Century ferrous sulfate was mixed with tannic acids (from plants) to produce
writing, and later, printing inks.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">After the pyrite mining was abandoned, and perhaps in
the 1960s, the Brosso was “reopened” as a specimen mine for fine minerals that had
formed between the zone where intrusive igneous monzonite and marbles had become
interbedded in mica schists. Mineralization, especially of secondary boron
minerals, occurred between szaibelyite and ludwigite where they came into
contact with each other inside the magnetite skarns (Ferris and others, 1978
and Giussani and Vighi, 1964).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The Brosso has produced, according to MinDat, 108
different minerals including one type specimen (the boron mineral</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 24pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">c</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">anavesite). The thumbnail specimen I
have is composed of magnetite, a little pyrite, and <a name="_Hlk143714081">szaibelyite</a>,
an anhydrous magnesium borate [MgBO<sub>2</sub>(OH)]. The latter is mostly
found in boron-bearing skarn limestones and dolomitic marbles, or in evaporitic
deposits where it is an alteration product of boron minerals like inyoite and
colemanite; more rare in banded iron formations and serpentinites. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX4Sp3XaxU98bJB6BLFnOdWpdYBIWocmeAa0Q8l6YQ4Vy-_-uO7glYHaYA_kDS5Aslou1Zul_l36MCrq2P6pgfrPRmnZ0O4YPY1RAwQTDihHZtZLrFYjcaC9uX5UkCmhtuHiNHzRL_72tmQq5lwW0nivk7cPBxGXZpNlqnLEArK6fPr2giBNKdk_1yJcmI/s640/sz2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX4Sp3XaxU98bJB6BLFnOdWpdYBIWocmeAa0Q8l6YQ4Vy-_-uO7glYHaYA_kDS5Aslou1Zul_l36MCrq2P6pgfrPRmnZ0O4YPY1RAwQTDihHZtZLrFYjcaC9uX5UkCmhtuHiNHzRL_72tmQq5lwW0nivk7cPBxGXZpNlqnLEArK6fPr2giBNKdk_1yJcmI/w388-h291/sz2.jpg" width="388" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6A_XCzzAzzH4t9lzuLAY-i1hyIauRuJ4Tp7tKyJmpQgrkJ22HZt4LR2ORjIB8lwReIh-_q1TRRlh1xvA6Q-bqhbkdXlKyBXL7FPkm4p6OCbsUBid6CYJaC1Ze5MDbG9ZJjdG0JMyUmpKAMNSIPbWoS0K3RzZVueVPgnNdd9-DRnu_hb1wOB1rWOmTC5aw/s640/sz3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6A_XCzzAzzH4t9lzuLAY-i1hyIauRuJ4Tp7tKyJmpQgrkJ22HZt4LR2ORjIB8lwReIh-_q1TRRlh1xvA6Q-bqhbkdXlKyBXL7FPkm4p6OCbsUBid6CYJaC1Ze5MDbG9ZJjdG0JMyUmpKAMNSIPbWoS0K3RzZVueVPgnNdd9-DRnu_hb1wOB1rWOmTC5aw/w393-h295/sz3.jpg" width="393" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Black magnetite with white and buff fibers/lathes of szaibelyite. Width FOV ~7 mm.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Szaibelyite occurs as flatted fibers or lathes often
as aggregates. Interestingly these fibers are inflexible and have a conchoidal
fracture. They are white to buff in color, have a luster of dull to silky, and
are soft (~3.5 Mohs). It is not the most handsome mineral in the cabinet but
come from a quite historic and famous mine and ended up in the collection of Mineralogical
Research Company before my purchase.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">REFERENCES
CITED</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Ferraris, G., M. Franchini-Angela, 1978, Canavesite, A
New Carboborate Mineral from Brosso, Italy: Canadian Mineralogist, Vol.16.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Giussani, A., L. Vighi, 1964: Caratteristiche e genesi
dei minerali di boro, ludwigite, ferroludwigite, szaibelyite, camsdellite della
miniera di Brosso (Ivrea). Periodico di Mineralogia, 33. Translated to: Characteristics
and genesis of the ores of boron, ludwigite, ferroludwigite, szaibelyite,
camsdellite of the Brosso mine (Ivrea). Mineralogy Periodical, 33.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">AS for the coins in the Trevi Fountain:</span></p><p style="background-color: #f8f8f8; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: montserrat, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 1.625rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">The myth, originating in 1954 with the movie "<span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Three Coins in the Fountain</span>," goes like this:</p><ul class="listado" style="background-color: #f8f8f8; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: montserrat, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 1.625rem 1.25rem; padding: 0px;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;">If you throw <span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">one coin: you will return to Rome</span>.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;">If you throw <span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">two coins: you will fall in love</span> with an attractive Italian.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.625rem; padding: 0px;">If you throw <span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">three coins: you will marry</span> the person that you met.</li></ul><p style="background-color: #f8f8f8; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: montserrat, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 1.625rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;">In order to achieve the desired effect, you should throw the coin with your right hand over your left shoulder.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><p style="background-color: #f8f8f8; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 1.625rem; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>An interesting statistic is that <span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">approximately a million euros worth of coins are taken from the fountain each year</span>. Since 2007 this money has been used <span style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">to support good causes</span>.</b></span></p>
Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-84814933026616289442023-08-08T15:12:00.011-06:002023-08-08T15:29:45.242-06:00HINSDALITE & FLEECED AT THE GOLDEN FLEECE MINE<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Golden Fleece Mine, Hinsdale County, Colorado. 2018 Photo
by Jeffrey Beall, CC BY 4.0
<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Back country enthusiasts in Colorado are aware of Otto
Mears and his road building (mostly toll roads) experiences in the high mountains
in the southwestern part<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of the state,
especially in the San Juans. For example, he constructed the high mountain
highway connecting Silverton to Ouray over Red Mountain Pass, and the Leadville
Road over Poncha Pass. He also was into building several narrow-gauge railroads
to access mining districts including the Rio Grande Southern Railway from
Durango to Ridgeway over Lizard Head Pass. And last but not least, he was the
mover and shaker in getting the dome of the Colorado Capitol gilded with 200
ounces of gold.</span></p>
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<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">At any rate, a
fellow road builder by the name of Enos Hotchkiss hooked up with Mears in
~1874 to construct a road from Saguache to Lake City. Along the way, near the
current Lake San Cristobal, Hotchkiss noticed some interesting ore rocks and
filed a claim, the Hotchkiss Claim. It turns out that Hotchkiss had a good
eye for ore, and the Hotchkiss Mine was off and running. Unfortunately, in
late 1876 poor ole Enos was badly injured as he fell several feet down a
shaft. The Mine was idled for several months until new owners appeared and
renamed the Hotchkiss to the Golden Fleece Mine. Gold, silver, and lead with
minor copper and zinc were the major metals produced. The Mine also
stimulated the economy in Lake City as numerous other mines went into
production and a rail spur reached Lake City in 1889. The Lake City Mining
District was booming. The Golden Fleece shipped one rail car containing
~$50,000 of high-grade ore while in 1895 the Black Crook Mine sent out
~$200,000 of pretty decent ore.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
early December the Golden Fleece was listed on the Colorado Springs Mining
Exchange [Golden Fleece Mining and Milling Company (Iowa)] opening at $1.10
per share and closing at $1.30. The Company purchased the Colorado City Mine
in Cripple Creek and also had an interest (owned?) producing gold mine(s) in
Georgetown. But that was it, the boom was soon off, and the bust hit the
entire Lake City Mining District. Evidently, “bad luck” prevented the miners
from finding new veins. Although the mines in the Lake City District were
exhausted all was not lost as the Golden Fleece had produced almost a million
and a half dollars of gold (today’s price? )and silver before shutting down,
and restarting, and shutting down, etc. In 1897 the shares were going for
$.56, in 1900 $.26 and everything ended in 1903 at $.06. Well, sort of ended as
businesses piddled around with the mine until about 1920. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">The Golden
Fleece was not helped by the fact that during the boom years a “systematic
robbery by professional thieves” had siphoned off about half of the gold
output. As best I can determine the “professionals” worked in the mines and
simply high graded the ore and took it out in their “lunchboxes.” Then the
Pinkerton National Detective Agency caught up with the bad guys. [Check out
the newspaper articles in References Cited section].</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">MinDat (August,
2023) lists 46 valid minerals known from the Golden Fleece Mine including
native gold and several gold bearing tellurides, various ore minerals: several
silver bearing minerals, galena (lead), covellite (copper), bismuth (bismuthinite),
sphalerite (zinc), etc. In addition, there are rare minerals such as
mawsonite (copper-iron-tin sulfide) and melonite (nickel telluride. See previous
post) and others. The Golden Fleece is the Type Locality for one mineral, hinsdalite,
named after Hinsdale County, Colorado, home of the Golden Fleece.. The County
is one of the most remote in the lower U.S. and a mecca for mountain climbers
with five fourteeners and several thirteeners. Colorado 149 from Smith Fork north
to Powderhorn through Creede and Lake City is one of the most majestic
highways in the country.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj53il00anj-Y6R0j8ccgArUnsDuUWRFFkADqBXhFaLeBc_pn51QrBtuLLgnYBQ-jaFLgTSqxXPbl81y474IE9SaCVp8JiKnAiuuWjUQnF8f0g8VO6Y_iV56agaOnjWKvo1RSPDZkwk1vW56vM8uMJmZp576TzkbMcYc-rb_wGjmuTU_ajDglWnY7avC58s/s465/hins1333.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="402" height="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj53il00anj-Y6R0j8ccgArUnsDuUWRFFkADqBXhFaLeBc_pn51QrBtuLLgnYBQ-jaFLgTSqxXPbl81y474IE9SaCVp8JiKnAiuuWjUQnF8f0g8VO6Y_iV56agaOnjWKvo1RSPDZkwk1vW56vM8uMJmZp576TzkbMcYc-rb_wGjmuTU_ajDglWnY7avC58s/w351-h405/hins1333.jpg" width="351" /></a></div><span style="color: black; font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Green hinsdalite from the Golden Fleece Mine. Width FOV ~3mm.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><br /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Hinsdalite [PbAl<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)(SO<sub>4</sub>)(OH)<sub>6</sub>]
is a hydroxy (OH) phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub>) – sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub>) and
some mineralogists also stick in strontium as another cation with lead and aluminum
as the mineral contains almost 4% of this element (see Webmineral.com). Hinsdalite
contains two oxyanions, sulfate and phosphate, a rather unusual occurrence.
Although some specimens show crude rhombohedral crystals or hexagonal plates
my specimen from the dump at Golden Fleece is extremely small but does have a
botryoidal green crust of hinsdalite. There are other tiny areas of
porcelaneous green masses, but crystals seem to be absent. The botryoids have
a greasy luster, seem to be translucent, and a measured hardness of ~4.5
(Mohs). Hinsdalite is a secondary mineral in the oxidized zones of polymetallic
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(especially sulfides and tetrahedrite)
ores. It is forms a solid solution series with, and is visually indistinguishable
from, plumbogummite [PbAl<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)(PO<sub>3</sub>OH)(OH)<sub>6</sub>]
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>except by electronic gizmos
determining the phosphorous-sulfur ratio (Frost and others, 2011). MinDat
does not list plumbogummite as being present at the Golden Fleece, hence the
use of hinsdalite.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">I have noted in
other posts that the phosphate anion (<a name="_Hlk142333762">PO<sub>4</sub></a>)
and the arsenate anion (AsO<sub>4</sub>) are of similar size and chemical
makeup and may substitute for each other. Hinsdalite with <b>PO<sub>4</sub></b>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is the phosphate analogue of
hidalgoite [PbAl<sub>3</sub>(<b>AsO<sub>4</sub></b>)(SO<sub>4</sub>)(OH)<sub>6</sub>].
Van Wambeke (1971) believed that hinsdalite in a rock unit or erosional detritus
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>may indicate the presence of valuable
ore minerals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;"><br /></td>
<td style="padding: 0.75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQqBTEU9uMXSPS6wsttOMDjIIHcYfKcB_WulcgxqiQfqlrCkJWrSQbP6MFs1KLfLm88Ohtdx7cYy-1hLSZFB5waSbtpaeogdSqgeHJowsM3cXdR28PLheQwZyUOHeCRWyzWj18jGOXvb2Yg7O7Rihvp_X8BQAR11IR78WxMG-1O9iW7gJE3pgpZ2ghHyCq/s400/hidalgoite1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQqBTEU9uMXSPS6wsttOMDjIIHcYfKcB_WulcgxqiQfqlrCkJWrSQbP6MFs1KLfLm88Ohtdx7cYy-1hLSZFB5waSbtpaeogdSqgeHJowsM3cXdR28PLheQwZyUOHeCRWyzWj18jGOXvb2Yg7O7Rihvp_X8BQAR11IR78WxMG-1O9iW7gJE3pgpZ2ghHyCq/s320/hidalgoite1.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;">Spherical encrustation of tan to orange hidalgoite
composed of microcrystals; each sphere ranges from .3-.5 mm. Specimen is from Gold Hill, Utah.</span><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> REFERENCES CITED</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Frost, R.L., S.J. Palmer, and Yunfei Xi, 2011, A
vibrational spectroscopic study of the mineral hinsdalite (Pb,Sr)Al<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)(SO<sub>4</sub>)(OH)<sub>6</sub>:
Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 1001, Issues 1-3.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Van Wambeke, L., 1971, Hinsdalite and corkite:
Indicator minerals in central Africa: Mineral Deposita vol. 6.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Golden Fleece Robbery</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> The
New York Times, June 16, 1895, p. 1: Fortunes in Pilfered Mine Washings;
Golden Fleece Company Loser - Thousands to Spend to Punish Thieves.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> San
Francisco Call, June 15, 1895, p. 4: Robbery of a Rich Mine, Daring Theft
of Ore at the Golden Fleece in Colorado.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> The
New York Times, June 17, 1895, p. 1: Colorado's Mine Thieves. Probable
They Have Stolen Ore Worth Millions Of Dollars. Have Been Operating Ten Years.
No Doubt They Have an Organization and Careful Methods of Robbing — Many Mine
Owners Suffer.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 22.5pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Siringo,
Charles A.: A Cowboy Detective: A true story of twenty-two years with a
world-famous detective agency, Chicago : W. B. Chonkey Co., 1912;
published in several other reprinted editions.</span></p>
<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Sunday Herald
(Syracuse, NY), June 23, 1895, p. 6: ROBBING A MINE. Systematic Fleecing
of Ore of the Richest Gold Properties</span></div>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-85941092146670216892023-08-01T14:03:00.001-06:002024-02-07T14:58:50.470-07:00CRIPPLE CREEK MELONITE, A NICKLE TELLURIDE (WITH GOLD)<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Tellurium is a rare (71<sup>st</sup> in abundance in
the Earth’s crust) and interesting element—many rockhounds recognize the name but
few really know about its origin and uses. However, the rockhounds in Colorado
are a big exception to this statement as it seems <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the major gold minerals at our famous Cripple Creek
Gold Camp are the telluride minerals calaverite (AuTe<sub>2</sub>)<sub> </sub>and
sylvanite (AuAgTe<sub>4</sub>). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The element tellurium is a silver-white metalloid
(possesses properties of both metals and non-metals) with the symbol Te and the
atomic number of 52 (number of protons in the nucleus of the atom). Tellurium
exhibits oxidation states of 6+, 5+, 4+, 3+, 2+. 1+, 1-, 2-; however, only 6+,
4+ and 2- are stable. Tellurium can act as a cation with a 4+ oxidation state
(IV) or a 6+ oxidation state (VI). However, the most common tellurium minerals
are the tellurides, minerals that have the telluride anion with a 2- charge as
a main component.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Again, the most common tellurides are sylvanite and
calaverite but there are other rather uncommon tellurides of gold, silver,
bismuth, mercury, copper, platinum, palladium, and nickel for the rockhounds to
dream about. For example, coloradoite is an uncommon telluride where tellurium
(2- oxidation state) combines with mercury (2+ oxidation state) and the result
is HgTe (see Posting January 10, 2021). The specimen that I recently acquired
is the quite rare mineral melonite, a nickel telluride [NiTe<sub>2</sub>]. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although listed as “rare” it has been
identified from mines around the world and especially in Colorado. However, the
mineral specimens are quite tiny and uncommon in any mine or dump. The chances
of an ole plugger like me finding a melonite specimen is, well I have a better
chance of being run over by a rabid zebra. That is why I was happy to purchase
this specimen collected (by a person named “Earles”) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from the Cresson Mine at Cripple Creek and
mounted by Art Smith in 1971. Brian Kosnar in 2006 stated on MinDat “These
specimens are very difficult to obtain, and considering that the majority of
them were mined over 100 years ago, the only source for specimens is old
collections.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgFlamaWqoEQqx20dLA1PM5cwmIu9UsVkPIZ34IwR0ENNtnO5UBhjASszACKNr14xBfeTrH0WRPxHadJZ0c6kCEVg9r4DlyqYqzxVxwStc67lh2lpqLugzqMndRqjMLhTwLuyGQKTFzXWdd2bBGO0KjF-jib0NgpQzBtU4GKdSPUZ1cqyzuD-EJ0r5YT1Z/s640/melonite1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgFlamaWqoEQqx20dLA1PM5cwmIu9UsVkPIZ34IwR0ENNtnO5UBhjASszACKNr14xBfeTrH0WRPxHadJZ0c6kCEVg9r4DlyqYqzxVxwStc67lh2lpqLugzqMndRqjMLhTwLuyGQKTFzXWdd2bBGO0KjF-jib0NgpQzBtU4GKdSPUZ1cqyzuD-EJ0r5YT1Z/w364-h273/melonite1.jpg" width="364" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white;">A very rich plate of melonite pseudomorphing calaverite (</span>AuTe<sub>2</sub><span style="background-color: white;">) crystals that is nicely accented by a small flakes/hunks of free gold, and one crystal of chalcopyrite. The photomicrograph above is ~9 mm width FOV. The photomicrograph below is a closer view and the foliation is better observed. The light reflection from the specimen does not allow really good images.</span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6pziklnCA-qPJBcI9m1ZUx6KrPgnqMlJljPYVDRdXSKOWqqcHnRaw_aJkda8wpteYp7qsl-JLobppRaNB1nTGsfASpdqXDWHyMtHOyaq2Jtbq0aP_-SD-J83zTegbhg1JT_mAQPW5lBjToI0JphT5W5QbwnObXtHOC10JXnfIdHa2qHnRrHjCgwdwGbHs/s640/melonite3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6pziklnCA-qPJBcI9m1ZUx6KrPgnqMlJljPYVDRdXSKOWqqcHnRaw_aJkda8wpteYp7qsl-JLobppRaNB1nTGsfASpdqXDWHyMtHOyaq2Jtbq0aP_-SD-J83zTegbhg1JT_mAQPW5lBjToI0JphT5W5QbwnObXtHOC10JXnfIdHa2qHnRrHjCgwdwGbHs/w360-h270/melonite3.jpg" width="360" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">It is difficult to describe melonite other than small,
mostly indistinct crystals, that together comprise foliated plates. The luster
is metallic and produces a reddish white color/sheen. The foliation seems to give the
specimen a granular appearance. It is quite soft at ~1.5 (Mohs) and has a faint
pink color in reflected light.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The Cripple Creek specimens are unique (and rare) in
that the plates of melonite pseudomorph calaverite and the best specimens also have
native gold scattered on the surface.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Good luck is when opportunity meets
preparation</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eliyahu
Goldratt<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I was prepared for my “luck” in finding this dusty old
perky box—I was an early bird and had a $10 bill ready in my pocket and whipped
it out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-51205934890304532802023-07-29T20:04:00.002-06:002023-08-04T20:14:43.004-06:00GOEDKENITE AND PALERMOITE: PALERMO #!<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjh-g5hHWQCbp5gBKfQNtZ537uwo5G456EG9dOrv0lUb09zT75AxbrAxoc89erHNMYNc-CqOmNOSjwQRUiAhowZx2s11DnT5XZ7kl42r68HBFoyAxiKOYBrSLKs4aV_2VtZe9deNwtTNiyXc1UwI8iYEFjrjgpe7ODwEHafvvUMjsFulUWB4LxxwvXKlHWH" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="638" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjh-g5hHWQCbp5gBKfQNtZ537uwo5G456EG9dOrv0lUb09zT75AxbrAxoc89erHNMYNc-CqOmNOSjwQRUiAhowZx2s11DnT5XZ7kl42r68HBFoyAxiKOYBrSLKs4aV_2VtZe9deNwtTNiyXc1UwI8iYEFjrjgpe7ODwEHafvvUMjsFulUWB4LxxwvXKlHWH" width="150" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p class="b-qt qt_105306" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #101010; display: inline !important; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 37px; margin: 0px 0px 15px;"></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 20pt;">If opportunity doesn't knock, build a door.</span></div><p></p><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 26.6667px;"> </span><span style="color: #101010; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Milton Berle</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I spent a fair amount of time pondering over how to
write a posting on a couple of very unfamiliar minerals. Especially writing
about minerals that are so tiny, good photomicrographs (with my equipment) are
tough to produce. But I wanted to remove them from my “to do” list. So, with no
opportunity presenting itself I built a door, knocked, and waded into the
swamp. Welcome to Mike’s cabinet of very unfamiliar minerals!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">One of the more famous pegmatite mines in the eastern
U.S. is the Palermo #1 Mine near North Groton, Grafton County, New Hampshire,
one of the several pegmatites emplaced along the western part of the State. These
pegmatite bodies are located in the Acadian Orogenic Belt, a tectonic area that
represents the Devonian (~420Ma --~360 Ma) uplift of mountains in the northern
section of the Appalachian Orogen, around southern Virginia to Newfoundland.
This uplift was the result of plate movement as a microcontinent named Avalonia
(parts of Europe) was banging against Laurentia (proto–North America) and being
accreted (the terrane was sticking to Laurentia) while the proto-Atlantic Ocean
was being subducted under the Laurentian continental plate. Of course, the
orogenic event was much more complex than this explanation!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Grafton pegmatites are a hotbed for finding
phosphate minerals, including the Palermo #1 pegmatite where something like 159
minerals with 15 Types, many of them phosphates, have been identified
(MinDat.org). The pegmatites within the area of Palermo mine #1 (and mines #2,
and #3) are quite complex but have as their primary phosphates triphylite (Li,
Fe) AND/OR lithiophylite (Li, Mn), and montebrasite (Li, Al) AND/OR ambygonite
(Li, Al, F). These primary minerals then interacted with post-magmatic
aqueous fluids to produce several tens of secondary phosphate minerals (Nizamoff,
2006) .<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Two of these rare, late-stage secondary hydrothermal
minerals from a complex granite pegmatite exposed at Palermo #1 are goedkenite Sr</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Al(PO</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">)</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(OH)
and palermoite (Li,Na)</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(Sr,Ca)Al</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(PO</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">)</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(OH)</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4.
</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Goedkenite, a strontium aluminum hydrated phosphate is the lesser known
of the two</span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">although they are close allies at the Type Locality as goedkenite
was originally found as tiny crystals growing epitaxally and perpendicularly on
palermoite crystals (Moore and others, 1975). Goedkenite crystals are
prismatic, transparent, colorless, or pale yellow, sub-vitreous, and usually
less than 1 mm in length. They have a white streak and a measured hardness of
~5.0 (Mohs). Goedkenite is only known from a couple of areas, the Palermo #1 in
New Hampshire, and the Lupka Quarry in Slovakia.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Zh-bRfExhDaCUofJkC9yykTv8q3UKsj4C2Bsd3mBK4wBoW-Qtv_jdJEgm47M6Kn-dpgibjQDI-2xt6T-gGjg1YuXk7Zi-u62BMMaAPHY8kRtBsARWgkKqbYXd91B01p4m3b9fIRCn5LMAdavdClHBCNgXGE_EI3lkYrZRogHS1Mmcj1n5Hlnu4Pv9ruh/s640/goedkinite2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2Zh-bRfExhDaCUofJkC9yykTv8q3UKsj4C2Bsd3mBK4wBoW-Qtv_jdJEgm47M6Kn-dpgibjQDI-2xt6T-gGjg1YuXk7Zi-u62BMMaAPHY8kRtBsARWgkKqbYXd91B01p4m3b9fIRCn5LMAdavdClHBCNgXGE_EI3lkYrZRogHS1Mmcj1n5Hlnu4Pv9ruh/w385-h289/goedkinite2.jpg" width="385" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Two larger crystals of palermoite (a V) with microscopic epitaxial crystals of goedkenite.</span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAOu3MpYMKFlsQjPUjbwDWaW_aFdc5YL3pHd_BmJrApfoZ4fuPOwb3yA2eOrDlSeEE4fpsNsq0Xhc8pKt1w0akRwbntT_RSiSDNTAwkVvlGdwGE_VYn23viJnUWxPKXRWQhyOUfPRZkWA8grDAAI5SSud5UWBFRcoqQgdHlscc-AGodcNL9YzRG5oVtdo3/s640/goed6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAOu3MpYMKFlsQjPUjbwDWaW_aFdc5YL3pHd_BmJrApfoZ4fuPOwb3yA2eOrDlSeEE4fpsNsq0Xhc8pKt1w0akRwbntT_RSiSDNTAwkVvlGdwGE_VYn23viJnUWxPKXRWQhyOUfPRZkWA8grDAAI5SSud5UWBFRcoqQgdHlscc-AGodcNL9YzRG5oVtdo3/w408-h306/goed6.jpg" width="408" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Two isolated transparent crystals of goedkenite (right center).</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhiicgZ1DEZvp1g_lb5Qszf__UGwpZwzi7prnipzHRC6STPyTNH-EyKI5-5TJMlaBLN5_c3Qq5fkG7aWenTOuHnQpIvlBdeEFNVjnSh1f-_EMG1hpyOxaKqf2BQXsWgi8wK0X3L6qxjs-UCxA5pgyTcYrcGjy0sA7a9CK-QohTMhv6gSLnXM0l7eUyGQGT/s640/goed2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="319" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhiicgZ1DEZvp1g_lb5Qszf__UGwpZwzi7prnipzHRC6STPyTNH-EyKI5-5TJMlaBLN5_c3Qq5fkG7aWenTOuHnQpIvlBdeEFNVjnSh1f-_EMG1hpyOxaKqf2BQXsWgi8wK0X3L6qxjs-UCxA5pgyTcYrcGjy0sA7a9CK-QohTMhv6gSLnXM0l7eUyGQGT/w425-h319/goed2.jpg" width="425" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Submillimeter transparent crystal of goedkenite (close to center of photo)..</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2-Ewp_sTjaKXRQMrmjq1-koFwnAbhxsfBgiXqLRJq8ez91ONW4X_GK0YvJiPPXn6YXos7o4kc10J24pMrJ3mapT6K6jkGUbVdAwXtXG_zFtene8usIAgA-SugocafVcuhy5gxprTEDjie2J7ZpYKXun21DWh2--vyynq4zdcV8EBXN38WgupofF4_SB7J/s640/goed3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2-Ewp_sTjaKXRQMrmjq1-koFwnAbhxsfBgiXqLRJq8ez91ONW4X_GK0YvJiPPXn6YXos7o4kc10J24pMrJ3mapT6K6jkGUbVdAwXtXG_zFtene8usIAgA-SugocafVcuhy5gxprTEDjie2J7ZpYKXun21DWh2--vyynq4zdcV8EBXN38WgupofF4_SB7J/w400-h300/goed3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Splintery clusters of palermoite crystals</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyV5zcC0NWKZpnKLfZgl5l4bfYsJ_L7tAh51x6AGFH6weODzYZyc5wyizSWyWmNzAuMoxom2UorD1bWNl0s_2uDTkGWk3nwBtB4wrCRzYwuHTEdfX72DB0QMAVKyj2xiHuj67gInB8DwpKtyjtG0B7EDEeKU288d32_Bcby5kK142OEPZ6tZoS4VcjRhFH/s640/goedkinite2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyV5zcC0NWKZpnKLfZgl5l4bfYsJ_L7tAh51x6AGFH6weODzYZyc5wyizSWyWmNzAuMoxom2UorD1bWNl0s_2uDTkGWk3nwBtB4wrCRzYwuHTEdfX72DB0QMAVKyj2xiHuj67gInB8DwpKtyjtG0B7EDEeKU288d32_Bcby5kK142OEPZ6tZoS4VcjRhFH/w403-h302/goedkinite2.jpg" width="403" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0-b25oUG0SbS3xVB7QkXeKX0IAVrRIZMc3bDux20alc8AjxdzCnUS6xCTQDCQ7IGSNRK02ySIZPcAMy-9EXhJHucjn3htcD_AEKsW7kGLUENguomEAfc6okPNtMY1kRqf6cAZhDJ-aIRkk75g1SChuN7da0TuL5JKi5WGMliAmu-6xtONvYX5xlTEUYvd/s640/goedkinite4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0-b25oUG0SbS3xVB7QkXeKX0IAVrRIZMc3bDux20alc8AjxdzCnUS6xCTQDCQ7IGSNRK02ySIZPcAMy-9EXhJHucjn3htcD_AEKsW7kGLUENguomEAfc6okPNtMY1kRqf6cAZhDJ-aIRkk75g1SChuN7da0TuL5JKi5WGMliAmu-6xtONvYX5xlTEUYvd/w435-h326/goedkinite4.jpg" width="435" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIaatKlM9JUSyH2Gvo1Ch-2E2a7FNHP4ZCjVilSLzKY1ZimyX2-Z6zFzwQ574XjQicOrMNliEjnb-qNmhhsrJsWzdIox9we3mBbMhxkUAM5501YUdqFT4XBud7Wi76OpFNQjKmF2Yw8zjPX0CcoK_AP0exxBWXTSXNTtpYAqdeQA3EAet8e28dLG953WJq/s640/goedkinite7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIaatKlM9JUSyH2Gvo1Ch-2E2a7FNHP4ZCjVilSLzKY1ZimyX2-Z6zFzwQ574XjQicOrMNliEjnb-qNmhhsrJsWzdIox9we3mBbMhxkUAM5501YUdqFT4XBud7Wi76OpFNQjKmF2Yw8zjPX0CcoK_AP0exxBWXTSXNTtpYAqdeQA3EAet8e28dLG953WJq/w405-h304/goedkinite7.jpg" width="405" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Submillimeter transparent, prismatic, epitaxial crystals of goedkenite "sprouting" from larger palermoite crystals.</span></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgutxQOAUaH7BJ5KKqJCyE1kM1Z3NC3s31mITMIQZwM4ofPLYQyWlttgkoZoqoKagVNARvt5Uv_VZDdB0mWDSz6p5_sPTkdrSJ6FLZ8WQStgDdeaiVi2oCg0XuTMzWzZOLxAJC0WYbdaDJo1V3v5hRLMm5TDI9g4ELmyQnNuFchvRZXZag3mk2PvQxteCou/s640/goedkinite5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgutxQOAUaH7BJ5KKqJCyE1kM1Z3NC3s31mITMIQZwM4ofPLYQyWlttgkoZoqoKagVNARvt5Uv_VZDdB0mWDSz6p5_sPTkdrSJ6FLZ8WQStgDdeaiVi2oCg0XuTMzWzZOLxAJC0WYbdaDJo1V3v5hRLMm5TDI9g4ELmyQnNuFchvRZXZag3mk2PvQxteCou/w407-h305/goedkinite5.jpg" width="407" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">My guess is there is a second growth of epitaxial crystals of goedkenite. The larger palermoite crystal is out of focus on the bottom.</span></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Palermoite, is the better known of the two friends due
to its name being derived from the Palermo pegmatite (Mrose, 1953). It is a
lithium strontium hydrated phosphate [(Li,Na)<sub>2</sub>(Sr,Ca)Al<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>],
and like goedkenite, is quite rare and only known from three localities, the
Type Locality, the Nanping pegmatite field in China, and Toirano in Italy (as
noted by MinDat). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Crystals are usually prismatic and splintery,
transparent, colorless to white, vitreous, and occur as individuals or clusters
of crystals. The mineral has a white streak and a measured hardness of ~5.5
(Mohs). Palermoite crystals are longer that goedkenite but still only a few mm
in length (or less).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2514zk36jucPyO6kmUZe-ialgbDv6bCHSRh28CZgsbIDy7HLRGEAkdQ2GBvTXW_N29kHLmG9rHiDekQa8oYHELvLvuexBrgxRjADiNZJcSKLIzeS7zHc0_Tcfj7Po1wcxHKxI-Nf-BqzBWJOUtlIZnFPJcArgUM7uIIKDIqlnix5BSr-KD3UnfV0V8rOC/s640/goed95.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2514zk36jucPyO6kmUZe-ialgbDv6bCHSRh28CZgsbIDy7HLRGEAkdQ2GBvTXW_N29kHLmG9rHiDekQa8oYHELvLvuexBrgxRjADiNZJcSKLIzeS7zHc0_Tcfj7Po1wcxHKxI-Nf-BqzBWJOUtlIZnFPJcArgUM7uIIKDIqlnix5BSr-KD3UnfV0V8rOC/w360-h270/goed95.jpg" width="360" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Unknown. Nice crystal</span>.</div><br /> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA1oBv2S6XswymNv5Z8aaPf7VeOHkaFX-jnJ3vd9UjdfBjeLJxRsTvu7EfzjA9Iwb_BFwqZ5NK3bwRsSJQnwShncP5tB0Qol6kOdSXlqDfH0VGC_XLpO-xc_BmFdEWV6DlOQKLctJ8d9x1pTz7OvBYU_1UVwr8v7b6v6oPvVVJV-gDkDg4-42AVV76sPpt/s489/goed97unknown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="489" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA1oBv2S6XswymNv5Z8aaPf7VeOHkaFX-jnJ3vd9UjdfBjeLJxRsTvu7EfzjA9Iwb_BFwqZ5NK3bwRsSJQnwShncP5tB0Qol6kOdSXlqDfH0VGC_XLpO-xc_BmFdEWV6DlOQKLctJ8d9x1pTz7OvBYU_1UVwr8v7b6v6oPvVVJV-gDkDg4-42AVV76sPpt/w389-h365/goed97unknown.jpg" width="389" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Unknown.</span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuwT39f04P79N4itfQCu8X6MMlaYPxfk9LXvDhCWzoQCgTNm7-CCVV4u92mL0--T9GmJS_uAwxI9LZiTQiqWshp-mYBsnkcyuQhohBatG-OB90rf7jlrEx0cUrTS2C8YhBP7MKoyVTeiDgCJ4cPqVJcAciQhHDToT2pQgjzYqwRNtDas61QFjuiGAkCmZm/s640/goed8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuwT39f04P79N4itfQCu8X6MMlaYPxfk9LXvDhCWzoQCgTNm7-CCVV4u92mL0--T9GmJS_uAwxI9LZiTQiqWshp-mYBsnkcyuQhohBatG-OB90rf7jlrEx0cUrTS2C8YhBP7MKoyVTeiDgCJ4cPqVJcAciQhHDToT2pQgjzYqwRNtDas61QFjuiGAkCmZm/w390-h293/goed8.jpg" width="390" /></span></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Unknown green mineral</span>.</p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ8GMgOjd_FMc4XrDfSBSKkINrldfcqrw5Carr58Qi25NxvwKMg_qvza6wPBbmWsgDOusTL42ZJeFzafk5lz2_zk-k11zhHJANpDeXmxLeY5CPf7w8oz8WsknxwjBsQCN__cTy9BwF--T_3OGfYrYcFE5EpvAYImZdpzq1EakOwMYtmai_5YESNxVbri5/s640/goedkinite96Phospho.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitJ8GMgOjd_FMc4XrDfSBSKkINrldfcqrw5Carr58Qi25NxvwKMg_qvza6wPBbmWsgDOusTL42ZJeFzafk5lz2_zk-k11zhHJANpDeXmxLeY5CPf7w8oz8WsknxwjBsQCN__cTy9BwF--T_3OGfYrYcFE5EpvAYImZdpzq1EakOwMYtmai_5YESNxVbri5/w393-h295/goedkinite96Phospho.jpg" width="393" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Unknown. Maybe phosphosiderite?</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYajkut5E6LNiX2iZzPedfQrRUoDMPCruQ-PQ6PNcX2AEMa_I4crXNzIgcWpp8bWNlRpZdnLwcYwPJ0fi1ka6mB958rUMeiY5Q0e6MLAZhvm9pomw0KfBCuls_ORREK4P1sPrLo12jhjni6Psu3q5CW1koy6QuDI0SR6ZflIcIUSHlI3liWk7hhe6VjZaN/s457/godkenite1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="457" data-original-width="317" height="399" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYajkut5E6LNiX2iZzPedfQrRUoDMPCruQ-PQ6PNcX2AEMa_I4crXNzIgcWpp8bWNlRpZdnLwcYwPJ0fi1ka6mB958rUMeiY5Q0e6MLAZhvm9pomw0KfBCuls_ORREK4P1sPrLo12jhjni6Psu3q5CW1koy6QuDI0SR6ZflIcIUSHlI3liWk7hhe6VjZaN/w277-h399/godkenite1.jpg" width="277" /></a></div><br /><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Unknown. Could it be foggite??</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Nizamoff and others (2022) described the Palermo #1
pegmatite as “a beryl-phosphate pegmatite member of the LCT (lithium,-cesium,- or
tantalum-enriched) family and is enriched in phosphorus.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">My specimen is a micromount (~1 cm x ~1cm) collected and
mounted by John Reiner and then acquired by Art Smith in 1981. Reiner’s
(1909-1995) memorial is in Rocks and Minerals, vol. 71, no. 2. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimuGBfQ6qqE3KFGT4l6TvnKVtOnTKhwpkLTEMyBJuNseVm17I_TJZhOrW2W-ZZpKCg6cXCCrrW3--fCa-NUXnk3U_-az9n4R8cmodwsAGyVC7lfOHYlfdiROAawkIM2x1P1ZgWfJOUf7o_z2VlboDOST-muE2xovpeEIX6OCeDg401b_c5ZenjgWU79HCK/s640/goed12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimuGBfQ6qqE3KFGT4l6TvnKVtOnTKhwpkLTEMyBJuNseVm17I_TJZhOrW2W-ZZpKCg6cXCCrrW3--fCa-NUXnk3U_-az9n4R8cmodwsAGyVC7lfOHYlfdiROAawkIM2x1P1ZgWfJOUf7o_z2VlboDOST-muE2xovpeEIX6OCeDg401b_c5ZenjgWU79HCK/w445-h334/goed12.jpg" width="445" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The micromount ~1 cm X ~1 cm. Full of crystals.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;">REFERENCES
CITED</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mrose, M.E.,1953, Palermoite and goyazite, two
strontium minerals from the Palermo mine, North Groton, New Hampshire.
(Abstract from the 33rd annual meeting of the Mineralogical Society of America):
American Mineralogist: vol. 38.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Moore, P.B., Irving,
A.J., Kampf, A.R., 1975, Foggite, CaAl(OH)2(H2O)[PO4]; goedkenite, (Sr,Ca)2Al(OH)[PO4]2;
and samuelsonite, (Ca,Ba)Fe22+Mn22+Ca8Al2(OH)2[PO4]10. Three new species from
the Palermo No. 1 pegmatite, North Groton, New Hampshire: American Mineralogist
vol. 60.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Nizamoff, J., 2006,
The Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Phosphate Paragenesis of the Palermo #2
Pegmatite, North Groton, New Hampshire: University of New Orleans Theses and
Dissertations. 398.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Nizamoff, J.W., R,W. Whitmore, and M.I. Jacobson, 2022,
The Where of Mineral Names: Palermoite, Palermo No. 1 Mine, North Groton,
Grafton County, New Hampshire: Rocks and Minerals, vol.97, no.3. <o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p></p></div>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-86265356720066787272023-07-27T15:35:00.001-06:002023-08-08T15:35:45.447-06:00BISMUTH, ITS ELEMENTAL MY DEAR WATSON<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1Y--Zu4y02L_cwl3i46LvX0i-tSqxX7bCZDiXig3-hOE01M_Cgc7672WDaBVfvnJ15llYGwNmTrKgnCKnC4TKETH0VUp0BFIkdh_tQEkkztMArp4pUxI66GI613iQcMKkSaRn1J83aGSvXInIsO68JnJ4RdlhDmDKHiv9cA-X6QiB26S4M-Smx_QHI9lX" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="700" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi1Y--Zu4y02L_cwl3i46LvX0i-tSqxX7bCZDiXig3-hOE01M_Cgc7672WDaBVfvnJ15llYGwNmTrKgnCKnC4TKETH0VUp0BFIkdh_tQEkkztMArp4pUxI66GI613iQcMKkSaRn1J83aGSvXInIsO68JnJ4RdlhDmDKHiv9cA-X6QiB26S4M-Smx_QHI9lX" width="307" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Does it really contain bismuth? Yep. Bismuth can be used in making scents! Pepto Bismo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">™</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Bismuth (Bi) is a metallic element (Atomic Number 83)
that has many chemical and physical properties that resemble antimony and
arsenic. Although most/many people probably recognize the name bismuth they know
very little about the element except that “pink-colored” bismuth (bismuth
subsalicylate; C</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">7</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">H</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">5</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">BiO</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">) is an anti-diarrhea
OTC medicine. Waterfowl hunters probably realize that bismuth (86% the density
of lead and low metal toxicity) shot is a substitute for lead shot (to prevent
lead poisoning) and fishers often use bismuth-based weights for the same reason. Rockhounds
and others who attend rock and mineral shows are often exposed to nice hoppered
bismuth crystals covered with a rainbow of iridescent colors. These crystals
are not “natural” and are synthetic. </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSbOUTL-LUHHfOKZhW1c1G6rFk2PB7f8lANsN9XtDV_UQW0503jZFEL41rDJxtfaAbMCK__468OK5pYJR5CBSwKinhqBPsb-LpmLh1vEvftOlQpdTMulyPpWy9JHk2ywapl3_cT-t4Zg4keeRzBmIDs5z7bTtZOX4eQDQjiJWees5IeywSbxj8-xZK9XmL" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1052" data-original-width="800" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSbOUTL-LUHHfOKZhW1c1G6rFk2PB7f8lANsN9XtDV_UQW0503jZFEL41rDJxtfaAbMCK__468OK5pYJR5CBSwKinhqBPsb-LpmLh1vEvftOlQpdTMulyPpWy9JHk2ywapl3_cT-t4Zg4keeRzBmIDs5z7bTtZOX4eQDQjiJWees5IeywSbxj8-xZK9XmL=w236-h310" width="236" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"><span><span>Hoppered synthetic bismuth crystal from </span><span>Wikipedia</span><span> attributed to: </span></span><span class="mw-mmv-source-author" original-title=""><span class="mw-mmv-author"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Alchemist-hp" title="User:Alchemist-hp">Alchemist-hp</a> (<a class="external text" href="http://www.pse-mendelejew.de/" rel="nofollow">www.pse-mendelejew.de</a>) + <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Richard_Bartz" title="User:Richard Bartz">Richard Bartz</a></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Natural bismuth is extremely difficult for
an ole plugger like me to identify. <i>[Don't be afraid to be confused. Try to remain permanently confused. Anything is possible!</i> G. Saunders].</span></span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> It rarely occurs as crystals but if so, are
often trigonal, reddish white to creamy white tarnished to iridescent pink or </span><span style="font-size: 21.3333px;">yellow and</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> have a metallic luster and a silver streak. Bismuth can be massive
and very “dark” in color due to a tarnish. Perhaps the most common habit is
foliated and parallel crystals or crystal fragments since it has perfect
cleavage. MinDat noted that bismuth occurs in “hydrothermal veins with ores of
Co, Ni, Ag, and Sn; in pegmatites and topaz-bearing Sn–W quartz veins.” It is
just a tough mineral to ID in rocks unless one is specifically expecting it’s
presence.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQyX1O214CI1Czx4cqe4QTw89NPvFVAx64egm6BfesvCM_d1wqMrnqIqALvDBgQ2_IpaZVZowc2akj0DiG_QJ0rDWmNsnHOEcxqOuWj24jP4Ex-YxSUp84GvoztxRETbc9c2K0zkJb3ZAqTvZDu3VK5gCDz-P6ZKoE0QoTPmCkoHSEEwseIkadcJ6QhYAh/s640/bismuth1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="307" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQyX1O214CI1Czx4cqe4QTw89NPvFVAx64egm6BfesvCM_d1wqMrnqIqALvDBgQ2_IpaZVZowc2akj0DiG_QJ0rDWmNsnHOEcxqOuWj24jP4Ex-YxSUp84GvoztxRETbc9c2K0zkJb3ZAqTvZDu3VK5gCDz-P6ZKoE0QoTPmCkoHSEEwseIkadcJ6QhYAh/w409-h307/bismuth1.jpg" width="409" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">As best that I can determine this is natural bismuth from the Rubicon Pegmatite in Namibia. Wirth FOV ~1 cm.</span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The IMS recognizes 128 valid minerals that contain
bismuth and sulfur (MinDat, July 21, 2023). The most common sulfide is
bismuthinite [Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>], a major ore of bismuth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a very soft mineral [~2.5 Mohs], has a
metallic luster with a lead gray to while color, and is opaque. The mineral
crystalizes in the Orthorhombic System, but most specimens appear as long
prismatic to slender acicular crystals that are often flexible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With weathering an iridescent tarnish usually
is noted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The crystals are often
mistaken for stibnite (Trigonal Crystal System) to which it is related via
solid solution—the bismuth being replaced by antimony. In addition,
bismuthinite forms a series with aikinite, a lead, copper bismuth sulfide.
Bismuthinite, from the famous mines in Bolivia, formed in high-temperature
hydrothermal vein deposit or tourmaline-bearing copper veins associated with
granite.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Bismuthinite, with some marcasite coating, collected from
Farralion Viejo Mine, Cerro Tazna, Bolivia. Width FOV ~ 2.8 cm.</span><o:p style="font-size: 16pt;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhE9qvcvlh2oELKu7Kx90r5IC8UBu8tvn5JOm2CLrjcPwn_KEjlZlTsWi7B9o6HUAWALKt5fLD0xfnEy5FXRglKMw07UmzfpTFxZ54lux--g1RjedVaI88gpSokLbvEaFqfJAWcvLEaowQIVt6hqaSQ4lPhpnhmrTJ-yBjXFCmePMpcdDtcuPOYs27X8LTD" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="625" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhE9qvcvlh2oELKu7Kx90r5IC8UBu8tvn5JOm2CLrjcPwn_KEjlZlTsWi7B9o6HUAWALKt5fLD0xfnEy5FXRglKMw07UmzfpTFxZ54lux--g1RjedVaI88gpSokLbvEaFqfJAWcvLEaowQIVt6hqaSQ4lPhpnhmrTJ-yBjXFCmePMpcdDtcuPOYs27X8LTD" width="320" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Uber reflective partial crystals of bismuthinite.
Non-reflective crystals with a covering of marcasite. Width FOV ~1.2 cm. </span><o:p style="font-size: 16pt;"></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Bismutite, a carbonate [Bi<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>2</sub>)O<sub>2</sub>],
is an uncommon mineral and an oxidation product of bismuth sulfide minerals
such as bismuthinite.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My specimen came
from Rio Arriba, County, New Mexico, where pegmatites have been mined (mostly
for Rare Earth Elements and thorium) from granites of Precambrian age in the
Pteaca District. I presume the bismutite is simply a non-important secondary
mineral.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Bismutite is a pretty non-descript mineral, at least
to me, as the luster ranges from vitreous to dull and the color yellow to
black.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most specimens I have observed, including
mine, are yellow-tan earthy mats or plates without observable crystal
structures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, it does have a gray
streak and is quite soft ~3.0 Mohs).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Probably the only way that I might recognize bismutite would be to
realize that the hypogene sulfide bismuthinite was present in the deposit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="A close-up of a rock Description automatically generated"
style='width:300pt;height:225pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/Owner/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg"
o:title="A close-up of a rock Description automatically generated"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi-hYUMIfq-OMmDM2mUzXZa8UfRnIkzuq4H8b5JY5UWzyVzdYniKnSFGsNzVQUuR31-OZRACJnE8_tYtJ2cjth0xb-giHHd7mJuXlFtp6mJoSwJMjW_f3uvx_XFJIL31ms9D_Q9PFNPSe9e9OgPcETdfz4-NHUX2ntdDZdiSxRcYiz4mgpbBS4oIUBm5yqq" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="625" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi-hYUMIfq-OMmDM2mUzXZa8UfRnIkzuq4H8b5JY5UWzyVzdYniKnSFGsNzVQUuR31-OZRACJnE8_tYtJ2cjth0xb-giHHd7mJuXlFtp6mJoSwJMjW_f3uvx_XFJIL31ms9D_Q9PFNPSe9e9OgPcETdfz4-NHUX2ntdDZdiSxRcYiz4mgpbBS4oIUBm5yqq=w367-h276" width="367" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Yellow fibrous and crystalline bismutite. Width of
photomicrograph ~1.7 cm.</span><o:p style="font-size: 16pt;"></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">At the 2016 Tucson Show I was rummaging through some vendor
minerals toward closing time and came upon a specimen of pottsite. Pottsite
is a quite rare hydrated (H<sub>2</sub>O) lead and bismuth vanadate [(Pb<sub>3</sub>Bi)Bi(VO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>-H<sub>2</sub>O]
found in the oxide zones of tungsten-bearing rocks. MinDat noted
that pottsite is the only natural lead-bismuth vanadate known. The
Pb/Bi ratio varies from0.86 to 1.48. At the rock and mineral shows that I
frequent pottsite is not a common mineral for sale as the mineral has only been
found in five localities (MinDat): Cordoba, Argentina; Bavaria, Germany; USA
California, and Nevada, (Churchill and Lander counties). It seems as
if most of the collected specimens come from the type locality, the Linka Mine,
Spencer Hot Springs District in Lander County. The major target at
the Linka was tungsten with slight recovery of copper and molybdenum. Sherlock
and others (1996) defined the Spencer Hot Springs District as a “Tungsten
Skarn” where scheelite-bearing [calcium tungstate], calc-silicate rocks are
formed at boundaries of hot magma bodies (a granodiorite at Linka) and
carbonate rocks. The hot fluids dissolve some of the carbonate rocks
(a process of metamorphism called metasomatism) and deposit a wide variety of
minerals dependent upon the composition of the hydrothermal
fluid. Evidently at the Spencer Hots Springs District, tungsten was
a major component of the fluids along with secondary? lead, vanadium and
bismuth. I remain uncertain as to the rareness of combining lead and
bismuth.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhl1QnhXSf3q-136TGJKiZKjemTlJAsI0tDTtn_ZlSkpIHmfhRvMf1TenlZJDWg3FFQn0rZt-9lD_L8fmjKQvUrTw8cuvtEDyCpTy3Xr0b5PQoCsgJczx9jTBX5Dxz5aLA2Ycywdv2po5lch-BhRLHjjOLIK5Dx3PJX8uX51xmSh-TCO7ukdvZnUMqyCa1h" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhl1QnhXSf3q-136TGJKiZKjemTlJAsI0tDTtn_ZlSkpIHmfhRvMf1TenlZJDWg3FFQn0rZt-9lD_L8fmjKQvUrTw8cuvtEDyCpTy3Xr0b5PQoCsgJczx9jTBX5Dxz5aLA2Ycywdv2po5lch-BhRLHjjOLIK5Dx3PJX8uX51xmSh-TCO7ukdvZnUMqyCa1h=w436-h327" width="436" /></a></span></div><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCyFz80u43lX92myyD8_Gci4rEpVyIjh8EVsY9ganPgylOjMXzztmgX2QxKTmNUHrJGzYZsFkPK3YnbVlB8tH5PQ8-N_07vpB8ESurq_1WnllfDOvzX1Ni7LPmlfQyiasybde-eoDpU58Y35wnXHCaTmas96I6R3XucYDsxf8nMzeMPkb4JBAmVt8rPZPz" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjCyFz80u43lX92myyD8_Gci4rEpVyIjh8EVsY9ganPgylOjMXzztmgX2QxKTmNUHrJGzYZsFkPK3YnbVlB8tH5PQ8-N_07vpB8ESurq_1WnllfDOvzX1Ni7LPmlfQyiasybde-eoDpU58Y35wnXHCaTmas96I6R3XucYDsxf8nMzeMPkb4JBAmVt8rPZPz=w466-h350" width="466" /></a></div><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">The bright yellow material is submilimeter prismatic to stubby crystals of yellow pottsite. The globular orange mineral is likely clinobisvanite. The chalky white mineral may be bismutite that lost the copper component?</span></span><br /><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Clinobisvanite [Bi(VO)<sub>4</sub>] is an interesting
mineral for several reasons, but especially for the derivation of its name: crystallographic
symmetry (monoCLINic) and composition, containing BISmuth and VANadium. It
often occurs with pottsite (see above) and in microscopic form is quite
difficult for rockhounds like me to distinguish between. I often confuse the tiny
“pseudo-tetragonal crystals” of clinobisvanite with the “bipyramids or stubby
prisms terminated by pyramids” of pottsite (as described by MinDat). Pottsite
is usually bright yellow; however, an orange coating may be present.
Clinobisvanite <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is yellow, yellow-orange,
pale orange, or deep reddish orange in color. Often clinobisvanite occurs as
platy or globular aggregates.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGv0zUCayh4FucjXLYrpPX-7PI5SSP64QZyWVn1k1l10uDX5DTdlYjAGM108VH37hqapluswVuNl_QG3h2W7eWDDcrO6OaPiEVbuoEkckg1Kpok5O1WbhQKkYurQbTwe_Br6Wwsp3sGo3D65nC_Rvof2xo8ioPHdpQ07qZzoqUbI-WfdJRyw4amHqM-tK0/s640/clinobis3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGv0zUCayh4FucjXLYrpPX-7PI5SSP64QZyWVn1k1l10uDX5DTdlYjAGM108VH37hqapluswVuNl_QG3h2W7eWDDcrO6OaPiEVbuoEkckg1Kpok5O1WbhQKkYurQbTwe_Br6Wwsp3sGo3D65nC_Rvof2xo8ioPHdpQ07qZzoqUbI-WfdJRyw4amHqM-tK0/w443-h332/clinobis3.jpg" width="443" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4rgTALsLKukeo9jY_bGvlkQkzgc_Z0EWsys_phXo4KIZdEoYvkf3sIXTIch4qKaSv34fB0_mffRaSrNWGNLEPKTl5yxHbcO6fUToHDqPaFLFfIL6R3cl8LJImRGXAYpAAxjleerzIamQv9uw-_MSvpJv1cTxnqnB_4lRUvitHkm17O-VTC_N6J6QnStfH/s640/clinobis10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4rgTALsLKukeo9jY_bGvlkQkzgc_Z0EWsys_phXo4KIZdEoYvkf3sIXTIch4qKaSv34fB0_mffRaSrNWGNLEPKTl5yxHbcO6fUToHDqPaFLFfIL6R3cl8LJImRGXAYpAAxjleerzIamQv9uw-_MSvpJv1cTxnqnB_4lRUvitHkm17O-VTC_N6J6QnStfH/w436-h327/clinobis10.jpg" width="436" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Orange to yellow orange clinovisbanite and more pale yellow pottsite from the Linka Mine, Lander County, Wyoming.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">There is another bismuth vanadate thrown into the mix
and that is pucherite [Bi(VO<sub>4</sub>)]. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At first glance pucherite may “look like” it’s
more common relative vanadinite. My specimen has the same reddish brown to
yellowish brown color; however, the well-defined crystals with sharp angles do
not have the hexagonal barrel shape of vanadinite but are tabular to equant and
sometimes prismatic. They have a vitreous to adamantine luster, are
fairly soft with a hardness of 4 (Mohs), a distinctive yellow streak, a
conchoidal fracture and are transparent to translucent. Pucherite and
clinobisvanite, at times, occur together such as in one of my specimens from Namibia.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, when reading the literature, I
noted that at some localities these two minerals are often confused and with
the advent of electronic gizmos the names have been reversed. So what I need is
a variety of spectroscopes for Frost and others (2006) stated “both Raman and
infrared spectroscopy have been used to characterise the three phase-related
minerals—dreyerite (tetragonal BiVO<sub>4</sub>), pucherite (orthorhombic BiVO<sub>4</sub>)
and clinobisvanite (monoclinic BiVO<sub>4</sub>)—and a comparison of the
spectra is made with that of the minerals namibite (Cu(BiO<sub>2</sub>)VO<sub>4</sub>(OH)),
schumacherite (Bi<sub>3</sub>O(OH)(VO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) and pottsite
(PbBiH(VO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O)…</span><span face=""Open Sans",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #1c1d1e;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Raman
spectroscopy enables new insights into the chemistry of these bismuth vanadate
minerals. Raman spectroscopy enables the identification of the bismuth vanadate
minerals in mineral matrices where paragenetic relationships exist between the
minerals.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXjgLlBFoep-FIaTo0uXiflZ5lFYvykBS30n2ie_HkHugod6hjLTKexiFhg27ArB6gAsAbDjdBOwG8PabUksPCZjOBqZ0XVW5wMAQfLq-DCQW8lz-dGJ1WhCCAW6eyI4zLXxcsOrrKIu1o0yYfhoInT6sG-Q36YjR2wY-Zpfg0pZyyOxwmVV26CNo1O9T1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiXjgLlBFoep-FIaTo0uXiflZ5lFYvykBS30n2ie_HkHugod6hjLTKexiFhg27ArB6gAsAbDjdBOwG8PabUksPCZjOBqZ0XVW5wMAQfLq-DCQW8lz-dGJ1WhCCAW6eyI4zLXxcsOrrKIu1o0yYfhoInT6sG-Q36YjR2wY-Zpfg0pZyyOxwmVV26CNo1O9T1=w399-h300" width="399" /></a></span></div><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2nC0eCR5JS3QE_lxYsflcyXS4RLw4z51B3RIodOIMnGM1clzzjmCdl0BiRnZ_RjFjdOXWHoZnTnytqpmRkLZ0DUnpMZ5ftAUiqgNP7r6oNqAN6Wh4VZLmfZlkYJ7pwBvvnJuUpIAupRc0dnJ0DxrsL1JH48Tiz27VFKjgspHdJ0vVmWysB0pk1xGtfmG7" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2nC0eCR5JS3QE_lxYsflcyXS4RLw4z51B3RIodOIMnGM1clzzjmCdl0BiRnZ_RjFjdOXWHoZnTnytqpmRkLZ0DUnpMZ5ftAUiqgNP7r6oNqAN6Wh4VZLmfZlkYJ7pwBvvnJuUpIAupRc0dnJ0DxrsL1JH48Tiz27VFKjgspHdJ0vVmWysB0pk1xGtfmG7=w405-h304" width="405" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Reddish brown </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">submillimeter crystals of pucherite. Width FOV, top ~1.0 cm, bottom ~5 mm.</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Somehow, I acquired another bismuth mineral for my
collection: preisingerite [Bi<sub>3</sub>(AsO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>O(OH)] is
a rare anhydrous bismuth arsenate found as a secondary mineral in the oxidized
zone of some arsenic-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposits. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The mineral seems to appear in a variety of
colors and habits. Although MinDat seems to favor colors of white to gray to
straw yellow, most of their photos, and my specimen, produce green to olive
green, rounded to tabular to rhombohedral crystals and crusts. Specimens have a
sub adamantine luster, sometimes with a conchoidal fracture, and a measured
hardness of 3-4 (Mohs). <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiigBBcJBBUzWeW8OCiLQ5oAam5ldBqN78HHqVzKxORPBk-asYkdkOIfT2V1GkFKiKoJ-9xfhUakBFzCl4AOi8Ct_40ZtsNpzRAfKTQ_Pk1W-jJP4fczEvCaNmBfNSFeZc7Vi2ekfdK_K6p-6JF5-W750harpaNxlJtOoOYir3vSU7CxOTOqnqX5a-TxnsQ/s640/preis4mmfov2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiigBBcJBBUzWeW8OCiLQ5oAam5ldBqN78HHqVzKxORPBk-asYkdkOIfT2V1GkFKiKoJ-9xfhUakBFzCl4AOi8Ct_40ZtsNpzRAfKTQ_Pk1W-jJP4fczEvCaNmBfNSFeZc7Vi2ekfdK_K6p-6JF5-W750harpaNxlJtOoOYir3vSU7CxOTOqnqX5a-TxnsQ/w363-h272/preis4mmfov2.jpg" width="363" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9k8qWk7-YcHvECbR9X-FJoXD_vg3Q36Z8yw5pnf7INzLDIJmdScDpcgPGrmX6qNjAUJwWIhCGjXXlR515xiZLrYaBbnOMeHys1_IV2B2lQtG1lMCcDFX9Uz7JlXTvfMtgZQMDTIZM47hU4PgiQ3vQxRK0J-MtgetskCfZhaeOk6FgKymqblwx8_MGVx6Y/s640/preis4mmfov3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9k8qWk7-YcHvECbR9X-FJoXD_vg3Q36Z8yw5pnf7INzLDIJmdScDpcgPGrmX6qNjAUJwWIhCGjXXlR515xiZLrYaBbnOMeHys1_IV2B2lQtG1lMCcDFX9Uz7JlXTvfMtgZQMDTIZM47hU4PgiQ3vQxRK0J-MtgetskCfZhaeOk6FgKymqblwx8_MGVx6Y/w376-h282/preis4mmfov3.jpg" width="376" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHDb4Rn5V2Zlr2FvQTlbUNx8KTrum9VwmJWtjn7n9punV4YhNq_956xEOF3So5dlMNntbuRkpJxmEt5e6TjD0stYJWQqUr269f6oMZ-KaRtmI1tc1Q8G133qfZ5azCkgdf0nLQybRK5dxE3DFW0lraOy6vx0XoJYCg15d3zabBwV0lzCBXg5m8Kk4KWU0v/s640/preis4mmfov4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHDb4Rn5V2Zlr2FvQTlbUNx8KTrum9VwmJWtjn7n9punV4YhNq_956xEOF3So5dlMNntbuRkpJxmEt5e6TjD0stYJWQqUr269f6oMZ-KaRtmI1tc1Q8G133qfZ5azCkgdf0nLQybRK5dxE3DFW0lraOy6vx0XoJYCg15d3zabBwV0lzCBXg5m8Kk4KWU0v/w383-h288/preis4mmfov4.jpg" width="383" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdD_eGYKAhzRjjBEU1_9dj3t7Ia-8B6vCPwtjETB6EWWof6dx15Af17LO-Qsi2lc0urWZvN7sEgdjMMR6aMYjibCleKm50tJSlgwUr30khi4TQk7z95PPz9kPRwkKiuOsIdIUrhsP6qWfA5L4skiHzKOpN9TwLLWAAD5bFODT2hQaPInoCWDLRkiHSXwmL/s640/preis4mmfov5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdD_eGYKAhzRjjBEU1_9dj3t7Ia-8B6vCPwtjETB6EWWof6dx15Af17LO-Qsi2lc0urWZvN7sEgdjMMR6aMYjibCleKm50tJSlgwUr30khi4TQk7z95PPz9kPRwkKiuOsIdIUrhsP6qWfA5L4skiHzKOpN9TwLLWAAD5bFODT2hQaPInoCWDLRkiHSXwmL/w397-h298/preis4mmfov5.jpg" width="397" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Poorly formed green crust on quartz matrix (top) while bottom three photomicrographs show poorly formed green crystals. All are small as the width FOV is ~4mm</span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Preisingerite, pucherite, and clinobisvanite are well
known from the </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="https://www.mindat.org/loc-1900.html"><span style="color: black;">Pucher Shaft,
Wolfgang Maaßen Mine field, Schneeberg, Erzgebirgskreis, Saxony, Germany</span></a>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> MinDat.org
noted the area is a polymetallic deposit (Ag-Bi-Co-Ni-U-bearing veins),
was worked for silver and bismuth since the 15th century, later for cobalt and,
in the 20th century, for uranium. Most of the veins are hydrothermally formed.
The rocks in the field are early Paleozoic and late Precambrian metamorphosed
igneous and sedimentary rocks that were intruded by late Paleozoic granitic
rocks. All of this tectonic activity was a geologic
mountain-building event caused by the collision of Gondwana and Eurasia to form
the supercontinent of Pangaea. These minerals are rare alteration product of
other bismuth minerals in the oxidized zone of hydrothermal ore deposits.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhG7pLxp2r8IOth7yZmwZvUKk6zF85IsakyoKDcYpifYY1hlCvWer9r5jcBKcXWz8_vR3lL3RkYWMibeB7K8qwZ2nLzmYw4dxm_Bx2NB_BANhKo2AWc3Rv-XyNRhTRyCGoBtgenDKRTWbg9Jx-Cu-L9z2c8JHFkB_5MRKyaD_OAAjSsW7tW1XDKbPjc9wUQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhG7pLxp2r8IOth7yZmwZvUKk6zF85IsakyoKDcYpifYY1hlCvWer9r5jcBKcXWz8_vR3lL3RkYWMibeB7K8qwZ2nLzmYw4dxm_Bx2NB_BANhKo2AWc3Rv-XyNRhTRyCGoBtgenDKRTWbg9Jx-Cu-L9z2c8JHFkB_5MRKyaD_OAAjSsW7tW1XDKbPjc9wUQ" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEipSFmk5mCu9rxqXBVj7ueA4PfxASzEXt7OT5B2cWb70_GvTf8IqDtxtXOVcTlbW7yGWxIRyFtyeI_yF-aZFXGV9GIXGiuOc0xfFv52hyvPUOsRbTgokFWYYYAn28VDi5a6H6oYxGbw7FoSx2wFdLvkyt5JYbvbJkdgAARNnvcyzVlpPVL36ntt70chwF0R" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEipSFmk5mCu9rxqXBVj7ueA4PfxASzEXt7OT5B2cWb70_GvTf8IqDtxtXOVcTlbW7yGWxIRyFtyeI_yF-aZFXGV9GIXGiuOc0xfFv52hyvPUOsRbTgokFWYYYAn28VDi5a6H6oYxGbw7FoSx2wFdLvkyt5JYbvbJkdgAARNnvcyzVlpPVL36ntt70chwF0R" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: large;">Mixite "tuffs" and rosasite "balls" collected from the Carissa Mine, Tintic Mining District, Utah. Width FOV ~ 1 cm.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The most interesting bismuth specimen in my small
collection is mixite, a rare copper bismuth arsenate [BiCu<sub>6</sub>(AsO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>
· H<sub>2</sub>O]. Essentially a micromineral, mixite occurs as very tiny,
slender acicular needles that often congregate together in tuffs or radial
sprays. Although the crystals are usually some shades of green to blue-green,
occasionally they are white to light blue. Individuals appear to
have an adamantine luster although this is a difficult call. The tuffs are more
silky in nature. Crystals belong to the Hexagonal System and appear to be translucent
to transparent. Hardness is listed as 3.5-4 although that is tough
for me to determine. Mixite is a secondary mineral found in oxidation zones of
copper-bismuth deposits.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">It is best for me to retire from looking at bismuth minerals--unless someone wants to teach me the intricacies of operating Raman and Infrared </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> Spectrometers! </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I am confused! <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>People just want to know they are not alone being confused!</i> (J. Ames). <i>So good. Be confused. Confusion is where inspiration come from!</i> (R. Mundel).</span><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #181818; display: inline; float: none; font-family: Merriweather, Georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">REFERENCES
CITED<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Frost, R. L., D.A. Henry, M.L. Weier, and W. Martens, 2006,
Raman spectroscopy of three polymorphs of BiVO<sub>4</sub>: clinobisvanite,
dreyerite and pucherite, with comparisons to (VO<sub>4</sub>)<sup>3</sup>-bearing
minerals: namibite, pottsite and schumacherite: Journal of Raman Spectography,
Vol. 37, Issue 7.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Sherlock, M.G., D.P. Cox, and D.F. Huber, 1996, Known
mineral deposits and occurrences in Nevada: <i>in</i> Chapter 10 from
Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 96-2: An analysis of
Nevada's metal-bearing mineral<b> </b>resources): <a href="https://www.blogger.com/www.Nnsa.energy.gov/sites/dsfault/files/nnsa/imlinefiles">www.Nnsa.energy.gov/sites/dsfault/files/nnsa/imlinefiles</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-81957038420635609222023-07-10T17:00:00.000-06:002023-07-10T17:00:28.928-06:00WAVELLITE & FUELLITE ON THE ROAD TO WINNEMUCCA<p style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">I was totin' my pack along the dusty Winnemucca road</span></p><div class="ujudUb" jsname="U8S5sf"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">When along came a semi with a high and canvas covered load</span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: center;">"If you're going to Winnemucca, Mack with me, you can ride"</div><span jsname="YS01Ge"><div style="text-align: center;">So I climbed into the cab, and then I settled down inside</div></span><span jsname="YS01Ge"><div style="text-align: center;">He asked me if I'd seen a road with so much dust and sand</div></span><span jsname="YS01Ge"><div style="text-align: center;">And I said, "Listen, Bud, I've traveled every road in this here land"</div></span></span></div><div class="ujudUb" jsname="U8S5sf"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">I've been everywhere, man</span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><div style="text-align: center;">I've been everywhere, man</div><div style="text-align: right;">Hank Snow version</div></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">An army of caterpillars crawling northward.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Clarence Dutton<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgQQjev9TC3xtu29M2lKXq082cXfNQx2bW0231rZ1FWQi0wN3XeagRyAQXreigNvDf9bDTL6oTTcco_Cb7CKWu8nkN8h2e8StjUxXPW-Gg8Eg9247o-oKWCHCV7hkPooE2B1FMTd0RA68gimYc5hHZq3DlM1RG_2aZEL3SdBcuQXJw2R0kbJbr0jpH738Z/s696/Lovelock%20(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="582" data-original-width="696" height="443" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgQQjev9TC3xtu29M2lKXq082cXfNQx2bW0231rZ1FWQi0wN3XeagRyAQXreigNvDf9bDTL6oTTcco_Cb7CKWu8nkN8h2e8StjUxXPW-Gg8Eg9247o-oKWCHCV7hkPooE2B1FMTd0RA68gimYc5hHZq3DlM1RG_2aZEL3SdBcuQXJw2R0kbJbr0jpH738Z/w529-h443/Lovelock%20(2).jpg" width="529" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Google Earth© image of Basin and Range Province around
Lovelock, Nevada, and the West Humboldt Range. home of the Willard Mine. The
Basin and Range is defined by narrow faulted mountain ranges with adjacent
rather flat basins—a horst and graben topography. The topography is due to
extensional tectonics (pull-apart) of the later Tertiary (Miocene, ~17 Ma and
probably continuing).</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The name Willard conjures up a vivid picture of Ben
and his rat friends devouring their former human friend Willard! I am not a big
fan of Sci Fi or horror films, but Willard is not one to watch before hitting
the rack. But 1971 was many decades ago and now the name is much more exciting---a
mining district, and mine, located in a desolate part of Pershing County,
Nevada, in the north end of the West Humboldt Range not too far from the County
Seat of Lovelock. In fact, Lovelock is the only town in this large county. What
is the landscape like? Ask Center Divide a group who recorded the album </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">From
Lovelock to Winnemucca<i>:</i></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If
you make that drive<br />
And you like tunes you better have a tape deck<br />
Airwaves are empty<br />
Ain't a lot on the radio<br />
Better yet you can sit and ride<br />
And listen to the dry wind<br />
Flappin' through the window<br />
Breathe in the scent of sage<br />
Breathe it in real slow<br />
And you breathe deeper<br />
I swear you will<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">That description of driving across Nevada is one for
the ages. Try the drive with a couple of youngsters sometime---been there, done
that. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If
you ever drive<br />
From Lovelock to Winnemucca<br />
I suggest you stop at every Dairy Queen<br />
Towns are few and they're far between<br />
And you'll have to fill up anyway<br />
And there's something 'bout a frosty<br />
Makes the pain go away<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Somewhere near Lovelock is the Willard Mine, or the
Willard Mines, all clustered together in the Willard Mining District. The area
has a long history of exploration dating back to the early 1900s with most tunnels
and shafts producing minor amounts of silver, gold, and antimony until mid-century.
Drilling exploration found mineable gold in the 1980s and production lasted for
about two to three years from 1990-1993. The initial gold was from near surface
free-milling gold and later recouped by heap leaching. The mineralization was
in the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic Auld Lang Syne Group (slightly
metamorphosed siltstones and limestones). Fractures and brecciation zones in
these sedimentary rocks allowed for gold- and silver-bearing hydrothermal solutions,
associated with Tertiary intrusive rocks, to spread throughout. I could not
locate production figures; however, exploratory drilling continued into the early
21<sup>st</sup> century but today mandatory remediation has covered much of the
area.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">So, other than <i>there's a whole lotta room to lose a
broken heart </i>(Center Divide) what else is neat about the area? Well, for
starters a 1905 paleontological expedition led by John C. Merriam of UC Berkeley found a substantial number of Ichthyosaurs (Mesozoic marine reptiles), <i>Cymbospondylus petrinus</i>, and transported most back to the UC Museum. Twenty fives years later even larger and better preserved Ichthyosaurs, <i>Shonisaurus popularus </i>were located in nearby Nye County that later became Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park. More importantly for this Post, there are 41 mineral species known known from the Willard (MinDat) and
the mine “is the site of the world's largest crystals of fluellite and perhaps
also minyulite; and it has furnished what are by far the finest quality
specimens of wavellite, fluellite and minyulite ever discovered in the state
[Nevada]… along with other minerals including… crandallite, dufrenite, gypsum,
jarosite, native selenium and strengite/variscite” (Jensen and others, 2001).
It is a treasure trove of spectacular supergene phosphate minerals in a sediment-hosted,
epithermal, Carlin-type gold deposit. (See Blog Post on Carlin Deposits August
19, 2020).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Over the years I have picked up Willard specimens of
fluellite (mineral was unknown to me) formerly in the collection of Robert
Pederson, and wavellite (it was not green like Arkansas) formerly in the
collection of Jim Thow--- or Jim Thon---?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlC0H6RecTr0tiJ2pDJ3JDzddzna5tl0Fq5qRkVHq6_CdunFgNcHkB8Wdp5ByR_OqKGi8x2sZKN5LdqPMhPbVpmWXufS3TUCET9Ul1LqzWZxLPo1e8AUylXFYiK2JMoeIcjfC2da7O5iPQWpJfuPeFjQImoUJ6n3ja8t0f_AIFDYmnBWtYJe5POcDdX-Dp/s369/FUEL5a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="260" height="423" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlC0H6RecTr0tiJ2pDJ3JDzddzna5tl0Fq5qRkVHq6_CdunFgNcHkB8Wdp5ByR_OqKGi8x2sZKN5LdqPMhPbVpmWXufS3TUCET9Ul1LqzWZxLPo1e8AUylXFYiK2JMoeIcjfC2da7O5iPQWpJfuPeFjQImoUJ6n3ja8t0f_AIFDYmnBWtYJe5POcDdX-Dp/w297-h423/FUEL5a.jpg" width="297" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiP0Mh1wdPoIw_i544Q0-0XXwHi0IyCZ_ZG47FKpnzy8sbOE9a2We4W_lckrLiJSEOR11MouO0szXzDCAhD_cbz1B9lPjAjxUp7z6Ei7dkNII8RCAJKnD8qm3vrVWfPge9mtP1fd8dfUduj6jL4op4AghyhzHTZOCZQUOJ1bOXxLeXGYnw8pUsKAkxVwLE/s640/FUEL4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiP0Mh1wdPoIw_i544Q0-0XXwHi0IyCZ_ZG47FKpnzy8sbOE9a2We4W_lckrLiJSEOR11MouO0szXzDCAhD_cbz1B9lPjAjxUp7z6Ei7dkNII8RCAJKnD8qm3vrVWfPge9mtP1fd8dfUduj6jL4op4AghyhzHTZOCZQUOJ1bOXxLeXGYnw8pUsKAkxVwLE/w436-h327/FUEL4.jpg" width="436" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbHr05R9LWpgbh34RpaMziaZFyourwfK1w2OQs58xb0MCPsx4Regn_X8DR3U0XgBkwHcsFsYicV8OvneFrW7KnCNyYB9UtdDVLloHSOKAkEW5XhrsteVwVnH-JY0nV4fEs_GBZgd-BU75Dljg8idOs1hSFam45st5T1c18BVQCJWSDHYwmJCkDB1yQXf50/s640/FUEL5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbHr05R9LWpgbh34RpaMziaZFyourwfK1w2OQs58xb0MCPsx4Regn_X8DR3U0XgBkwHcsFsYicV8OvneFrW7KnCNyYB9UtdDVLloHSOKAkEW5XhrsteVwVnH-JY0nV4fEs_GBZgd-BU75Dljg8idOs1hSFam45st5T1c18BVQCJWSDHYwmJCkDB1yQXf50/w432-h324/FUEL5.jpg" width="432" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIkpjOs-LYATCse4kWSL87hUpFkMiTdNp8pJiTlMMhD2VHls29iZuU25JI9U6NBIqYC4dRyauxQaBkzCipHSMNRJ05p-cJ9LQaV4Vu1YWIjYWNp8zFxwraEnawU6Pnlu_mCxCBqvGQyuUoJf514Z6hKu0Zo6WOZDusoV5MET6fuDgl1SAM_34AC57NTICS/s640/fuel10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIkpjOs-LYATCse4kWSL87hUpFkMiTdNp8pJiTlMMhD2VHls29iZuU25JI9U6NBIqYC4dRyauxQaBkzCipHSMNRJ05p-cJ9LQaV4Vu1YWIjYWNp8zFxwraEnawU6Pnlu_mCxCBqvGQyuUoJf514Z6hKu0Zo6WOZDusoV5MET6fuDgl1SAM_34AC57NTICS/w420-h316/fuel10.jpg" width="420" /></a>-</div><br /><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Transparent fluellite crystals on top of quartz crystals. Largest
crystal, top microphotograph is ~1 mm in width. Most are submillimeter. </span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Fuellite crystals at Willard (at least in my specimen)
are colorless, transparent, sharp, mirror-lustrous, euhedral, orthorhombic
crystals. A few other localities may produce lavender or yellow crystals. Fluellite
is a </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">rather rare fluoro-hydroxyl, secondary,
phosphate [Al</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(PO</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">)F</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(OH)-7H</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">O] that
is usually associated with pegmatites and phosphorite deposits. At Willard,
fluellite is found in a supergene phosphate zone and is paragenetically late
and often occurs directly upon lustrous quartz crystals. “These are very likely
the best and largest examples of the species found in the world” (Jensen and
others, 2001). </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Microphotographs below show numerous </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 21.3333px;">radiating clusters of clear to white fibrous crystals. Most are 1-2 mm in size although some are submillimeter.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWNnVOEIrWJaHXvHC_VtuYraaDbnUVw7wAL5CyUKLOjLSSMHBIZu6_UEAMCA4GxKvgj0LfF-HhjABB8meBJ1QT1Q_K-O2Qccr51YrBBaTutPsx_2nkjKBe4w1S75OsAV4w1X0vAOakEFHiq9sn0r6e9I5sqt7lIMrk-mBKjumcDCxvM3hpiNRjf3OvwjgA/s640/FUEL8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="329" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWNnVOEIrWJaHXvHC_VtuYraaDbnUVw7wAL5CyUKLOjLSSMHBIZu6_UEAMCA4GxKvgj0LfF-HhjABB8meBJ1QT1Q_K-O2Qccr51YrBBaTutPsx_2nkjKBe4w1S75OsAV4w1X0vAOakEFHiq9sn0r6e9I5sqt7lIMrk-mBKjumcDCxvM3hpiNRjf3OvwjgA/w439-h329/FUEL8.jpg" width="439" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMZ3ZS-8g8wB83lI45DtdXiN-HfAwDVcKbpFSFo_Kx0cx58yZLYFnLDRGwculU0FpqeZpxBI76K1icKo-F5j8fy6mKMzPCrt9i3YEpZvZkjh-dCul8N-4SIz_y2dHOTbRN2qf1wbRMqGBLunq5EmOW6vDT8BcTQdxQ8rJ4av6RdPJx_-uOR9mdndtp-x8_/s640/fuel17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMZ3ZS-8g8wB83lI45DtdXiN-HfAwDVcKbpFSFo_Kx0cx58yZLYFnLDRGwculU0FpqeZpxBI76K1icKo-F5j8fy6mKMzPCrt9i3YEpZvZkjh-dCul8N-4SIz_y2dHOTbRN2qf1wbRMqGBLunq5EmOW6vDT8BcTQdxQ8rJ4av6RdPJx_-uOR9mdndtp-x8_/w428-h321/fuel17.jpg" width="428" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-jXrrjGEfX-sYZ6wMthx_8-_ZqM4Io_yra-h4xcyVGCLw35v6nKy9ZEuJqVumiKN3ch0thaflzJiVQG1Cpb1nbkcir4-UzTmiMYXCmpYpkFYTQiJsvyMV6t_B0lDqcIIM8XQfWteYYCf7ugH4fRvr8-6zco3aHLtNo96x7k4I5FsqMkKc2laWZx9Qi4Sp/s640/fuel19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-jXrrjGEfX-sYZ6wMthx_8-_ZqM4Io_yra-h4xcyVGCLw35v6nKy9ZEuJqVumiKN3ch0thaflzJiVQG1Cpb1nbkcir4-UzTmiMYXCmpYpkFYTQiJsvyMV6t_B0lDqcIIM8XQfWteYYCf7ugH4fRvr8-6zco3aHLtNo96x7k4I5FsqMkKc2laWZx9Qi4Sp/w458-h344/fuel19.jpg" width="458" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-GoUbgldHLgeesguF2KXW7bAWZLZKHqX_WO9b_rmalo9oInwyZE3rpZa-BW-SGVUhHbxkrLq_Y1Z7C9DAWSeiuLIpQctm26bxoNgpsfw6jzGoDSlm37or-RurKgFUiDa-ieRi5k8MQTcJjtUNv0UZmRTyARPKNrfftw5royIBQwwZv5VDiQ7KsvX49YJG/s640/fuel20&19%207mmwide.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-GoUbgldHLgeesguF2KXW7bAWZLZKHqX_WO9b_rmalo9oInwyZE3rpZa-BW-SGVUhHbxkrLq_Y1Z7C9DAWSeiuLIpQctm26bxoNgpsfw6jzGoDSlm37or-RurKgFUiDa-ieRi5k8MQTcJjtUNv0UZmRTyARPKNrfftw5royIBQwwZv5VDiQ7KsvX49YJG/w445-h333/fuel20&19%207mmwide.jpg" width="445" /></a></div><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfSUNxC8-ngxSNQwEGzT93cnZowY7DHqcyx2010ptdXCrUgikJKu8WlEPu5iQzTz6BYEMFGQ1jkQXQ57aoeXYWtSVNC4l4A5Z688GqDuDM6hjcOZFZOOc0p4lVM9Ve3itZe-jWhbAwxmpR-5ObRk5CEUua6Tc_k81sxtuwNOMxVqgrd9iRSMj1_KI3B3l/s640/flue44.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXfSUNxC8-ngxSNQwEGzT93cnZowY7DHqcyx2010ptdXCrUgikJKu8WlEPu5iQzTz6BYEMFGQ1jkQXQ57aoeXYWtSVNC4l4A5Z688GqDuDM6hjcOZFZOOc0p4lVM9Ve3itZe-jWhbAwxmpR-5ObRk5CEUua6Tc_k81sxtuwNOMxVqgrd9iRSMj1_KI3B3l/w433-h325/flue44.jpg" width="433" /></a></div>Submillimeter pyrite.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhutzOFKwy020R9C-xiYtSZXK4QWVR5auSLHH6VGbXZaR6xa6WFk9w43EDSVFlWoTramfnmWBaK3wUdY3Tm6pxQtw-2Q1qF9CiiZdFOlR5Q1YMYAvqt_jzDXXe00nRVv0T5i3iSBDCy7W1p626YXhp3lkDSbXH539iZ8-XHjORSni2GkxXkBMd-0rSUeVKL/s640/flue43.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhutzOFKwy020R9C-xiYtSZXK4QWVR5auSLHH6VGbXZaR6xa6WFk9w43EDSVFlWoTramfnmWBaK3wUdY3Tm6pxQtw-2Q1qF9CiiZdFOlR5Q1YMYAvqt_jzDXXe00nRVv0T5i3iSBDCy7W1p626YXhp3lkDSbXH539iZ8-XHjORSni2GkxXkBMd-0rSUeVKL/w419-h314/flue43.jpg" width="419" /></a></div>Chalcedony-like mass of what I presume is wavellite--note striations. The dark flakes might be native selenium?<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFrI-8jqVqlRvjZUjVdx9wWCkzEwDLNcD8nKMBkb0qbOU7lvOCkiKbLj8gEC8v301wsfKVIfda2VLLYHKUYjW9lkWqaxGVNBHEMO9OVffWXXprJPpEfxwBUmD5EvYlN7qKU50bL0qnqPKqBed76MD1N2R-bhpDmEbWzzv_bRd-NyTEkFEgrLcVxeE06T3W/s640/flue41.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFrI-8jqVqlRvjZUjVdx9wWCkzEwDLNcD8nKMBkb0qbOU7lvOCkiKbLj8gEC8v301wsfKVIfda2VLLYHKUYjW9lkWqaxGVNBHEMO9OVffWXXprJPpEfxwBUmD5EvYlN7qKU50bL0qnqPKqBed76MD1N2R-bhpDmEbWzzv_bRd-NyTEkFEgrLcVxeE06T3W/w418-h314/flue41.jpg" width="418" /></a></div>Hexagonal molds left by quartz crystals (epimorph?)<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsjDRL_4iUD1sGMzCVWLSrveiiH9uhGCRVpp6WILSiP54IvmrFCN1tW2fc7lvu1Sou15ABlGAypMswgqrz5QMeoMmZesb8JHa_wHVxGO1wWGYXGw34H7HRBVWr-ojHxetl2b1fRlUYai_E3jZLi4K83EUgOgyvFJbcRJgg8iIvpiP85HP_Mui7jZpGL1WQ/s640/flue40.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsjDRL_4iUD1sGMzCVWLSrveiiH9uhGCRVpp6WILSiP54IvmrFCN1tW2fc7lvu1Sou15ABlGAypMswgqrz5QMeoMmZesb8JHa_wHVxGO1wWGYXGw34H7HRBVWr-ojHxetl2b1fRlUYai_E3jZLi4K83EUgOgyvFJbcRJgg8iIvpiP85HP_Mui7jZpGL1WQ/w420-h315/flue40.jpg" width="420" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Although I usually associate wavellite as a green mass
(colored by vanadium) of radial crystals found in Arkansas, the wavellite
specimens in these phosphate rocks of Nevada are completely different. The
Willard wavellites are radiating clusters of clear to white (no vanadium) fibrous
crystals in a delicate <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“jackstraw” type
of arrangement. Almost hidden away among the fibers are scattered, quite tiny, pale
gray to white wavellite spheres. Wavellite [Al<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH,F)<sub>3</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O]
is also found in the phosphate supergene. “Paragenetically, wavellite occurs
either on quartz or the phosphates crandallite, and/or variscite” and are easily
ranked as the finest examples of wavellite ever found in Nevada” (Jensen and
others, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">But really confusing to me is that recently (Kampf and
others, 2017) described <a name="_Hlk139738286">fluorwavellite</a> [Al<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>F·5H<sub>2</sub>O]
as the F analogue of wavellite. It is visually indistinguishable from
wavellite, since it is essentially identical to wavellite in appearance and
physical properties. It has the same structure as wavellite, differing only in
having one of the two independent hydroxyl sites replaced by F. Therefore,
MinDat at about the same time, noted that the Willard wavellite is actually fluorwavellite
distinguishable only with the use of electronic gizmos. Way above my pay grade!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">REFERENCES
CITED<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jensen, M., J. Leising, 2001, Wavellite, fluellite and
minyulite from the Willard Mine, Pershing County, Nevada: Mineralogical Record
vol.32, no.4.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kampf, A.R., P.M. Adams, H. Barwood, B.P. Nash, 2017, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fluorwavellite, Al<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>F·5H<sub>2</sub>O,
the fluorine analogue of wavellite: American Mineralogist 102.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ALSO see:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Conelea, R. and W.C. Howard, 2010, The geology and
gold-silver mineralization of the Wilco Project—Willard Mining District,
Pershing County, Nevada <i>in</i> Great Basin Evolution and Metallogeny: 2010
Symposium Proceedings of the Geological Society of Nevada.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">AND REMEMBER:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">If
you ever drive<br />
From Lovelock to Winnemucca,<br />
It's a good idea to pack your cares along<br />
The desert's big and wide<br />
Those mountains stand far apart.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-66197051569578392022023-06-19T18:41:00.000-06:002023-06-19T18:41:22.703-06:00YOU CAN'T ALWAYS GET WHAT YOU WANT--BROCHANTITE<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Over the many years since I moved to Colorado Springs
and started collecting minerals (as opposed to vertebrate fossils in my
professional career) I had the opportunity to purchase micromount minerals
(some mounted in a Perky or similar box) from Sauktown Sales. At first my
purchases were few and far between, but as I began to run out of personal space
and cabinets for larger hand-size specimens, I turned to the world of micros
and thumbnails. I soon found out that Jim, the owner of Sauktown, was based in
Mill Creek, Indiana, and essentially was a one-man show with an extensive
inventory. Soon my monthly purchases increased, and I started to “have <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>conversations” with Jim. I found it
interesting that when I placed an order Jim sent the specimens and then an
invoice and I paid with a mailed check. That trust is not found in many
businesses today. Jim also took “special orders” and one month I simply asked
for 20 specimens originally mounted by Art Smith a few decades ago. He sent
them with a note stating that “enclosed were 20 of his more interesting mounts”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This last 2023 winter I sent in an order but
did not receive confirmation. A couple of months later I sent another email
with the same results. Last week I received a note from his daughter Susan that
Jim suffered a fall and a broken hip in February, never fully recovered, and passed
away in early June at age 87. He was a very friendly guy, and I shall miss our
conversations but really miss those<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>micromounts. RIP my friend.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">That information spurred me to reach into my magic
drawer and pull out a small, unmounted specimen received several years ago but
never really examined closely—brochantite from the Blue Crystal Mine in San
Juan County, Utah. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Blue Crystal is located near Moab, Utah, south of
the nearby La Sal Mountains in Lisbon Valley. The Valley is home to one of the better-known
local uplifts, the Lisbon Valley Anticline, a large salt anticline where the
dipping beds are due to movement/solution of salt in the
subsurface. Several of these salt structures are found in the
greater Paradox Basin, an evaporate basin in Utah and Colorado near the Four
Corners. Although the Valley has several tens of producing gas
wells, the most active mineral commodity has been the numerous uranium mines
(earliest report in 1913) and the area is undergoing uranium resurgence
today. Target zones have been, and still are, the Cutler
Formation/Group (Permian), the Moss Back Member of the Chinle Formation
(Triassic), and the Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation (Jurassic) found
along the flanks of the anticline. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Copper is also present in varying quantities and
qualities in Lisbon Valley and has been periodically mined for
decades. Most of the paying copper deposits seem to be in the Dakota
Sandstone and Burro Canyon Formation, both Cretaceous in age---therefore
younger and above the uranium beds. The major copper ore is
chalcocite (Cu<sub>2</sub>S) deposited by solutions brought up along the Lisbon
Valley Fault (found along the crest of the anticline with offset approaching
4000 feet). With time, chalcocite oxidizes to such secondary
minerals as azurite [Cu<sub>3</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sub> </sub>and<sub> </sub>malachite
[Cu<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>], both copper
carbonates, (but note that azurite commonly pseudomorphs to malachite), and
tenorite [CuO] and cuprite [Cu<sub>2</sub>O], both copper oxides. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">One of the earliest mining areas in the Lisbon
Valley/La Sal District was originally organized in 1892 and generally went under
the name of Big Indian Copper Mine with later mines and claims termed Blue Jay
Claim, Blue Grotto Prospect, Nevada Claim, Blue Crystal Mine, and the Texas
Claim. A copper processing mill was constructed in 1918 and mining
continued sporadically for several decades. The ore body is
comprised of oxidized copper minerals (see above) emplaced in the Cretaceous
Dakota Sandstone along the downthrown side of the Lisbon Valley Fault; mining
has been via open pit and tunnels. In the late 1970’s prospectors started
to notice beautiful azurite crystals and specimen collecting went into
operation. For example, in 1988 a cut on the Nevada Claim produced
one hundred thousand specimens of azurite rosettes (for collectors) and 6000
pounds of broken nodules for paint pigment. Today the claims are
generally referred to as the Blue Crystal Mines and the miner/operator is present
at many mineral shows in the West, including Tucson (usually in the 22<sup>nd</sup>
Street complex).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The most unique of the specimens collected at the Blue
Crystal Mine, then and now, are the “blueberries”, small (up to a centimeter or
two) concretions, often hollow, of micro azurite crystals; some contain tiny,
rounded quartz grains mixed with azurite. I have not been able to
locate information about their formation; however, it appears that tens of
thousands of these “blueberries” have been collected over the
decades. Rockhounds in Utah tell me that the mine is the single
world source for these unique specimens; however, I have seen similar/almost
identical specimens from the El Chino Mine in New Mexico, and perhaps others.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The “azure colored” rosettes and crystal clusters
“commonly occur as 3-8 cm masses of subparallel crystals and as individual
crystals to 2.5 cm in length” (Hampson, 1993). The blueberries are
much lighter in color, perhaps sky blue.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJF1fST4gtS1gv-_QkDYYcG4K5qTwFQ0gRvUwxiqG0FUGSYBDCErWLhLhWkeA6VSoHUton2p3WV8Zqky0kO7ln2WxkMKNlZNi_Iie8Kf92_-hQsyosyk02kKTSTWiYnsYLC9N6xa3NSO7tl4fPrD5epHGhMDOOctxh6N27VHrW7YwKS3bUblxHEVU9IxNa/s640/BlueXyl1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJF1fST4gtS1gv-_QkDYYcG4K5qTwFQ0gRvUwxiqG0FUGSYBDCErWLhLhWkeA6VSoHUton2p3WV8Zqky0kO7ln2WxkMKNlZNi_Iie8Kf92_-hQsyosyk02kKTSTWiYnsYLC9N6xa3NSO7tl4fPrD5epHGhMDOOctxh6N27VHrW7YwKS3bUblxHEVU9IxNa/w444-h333/BlueXyl1.jpg" width="444" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Above: A smear of blur azurite, mass of green malachite crystals, black, right corner botryoidal crust of "manganese oxide", left corner matrix of well rounded and iron stained quartz grains. Width FOV ~ 1.0 cm.</span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Below: Three photomicrographs detailing submillimeter size malachite pseudomorphs.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> <br /></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhih3x9otgr_5G1tZdy7F3kpmZpGA_subwXgCJF0CZrvfmTwILjGIe5jV62GGLsSfjy6NsJE2Dbgdy3sAJ3bxZsX41_CPla0dtFZPCWavmiop-8s8wt8C9ds5FND98UxGK40DmxMfDjtZSa1s2hbjzWVG8LSD0uaR1xxrJTrzu9_3UcwBCT0F44C_UeLkCJ/s640/BlueXyl3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhih3x9otgr_5G1tZdy7F3kpmZpGA_subwXgCJF0CZrvfmTwILjGIe5jV62GGLsSfjy6NsJE2Dbgdy3sAJ3bxZsX41_CPla0dtFZPCWavmiop-8s8wt8C9ds5FND98UxGK40DmxMfDjtZSa1s2hbjzWVG8LSD0uaR1xxrJTrzu9_3UcwBCT0F44C_UeLkCJ/w417-h313/BlueXyl3.jpg" width="417" /></a></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUAbc6I4RYXnsWuXTMs5L7Xi4pco02QprMWksIOld17veSoUeNeOnM7tCtoZ1um27JmxoengUPt4Faunl0s4GPE0C71cm6drY5q-TpQcDvMpRrQ0vwfyDi-UV6VpCIRQpEVqfZfGcBX6JIDf1WZRA4APTlQWmBQtiBd-Rt9_QRv92hFSHv7rSt5Sw8IMfC/s640/BlueXyl2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; 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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyyo2z8nJwDvqDs4uUfFGo81cT8OmocirjnNFS9-MLiCAHKSPFSDFNIVlgvun5CklHOciXsrapI5FFEVXI9tS56wg4xU3X-aEOpPzRTqN8vSw76iUSXAzelLaziVKL14nLYX96f3s9nSwizymVdx9pn77h81LZZCeXovtKenoeke5De__D1R8-gfYEKgKa/s640/BlueXyl22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyyo2z8nJwDvqDs4uUfFGo81cT8OmocirjnNFS9-MLiCAHKSPFSDFNIVlgvun5CklHOciXsrapI5FFEVXI9tS56wg4xU3X-aEOpPzRTqN8vSw76iUSXAzelLaziVKL14nLYX96f3s9nSwizymVdx9pn77h81LZZCeXovtKenoeke5De__D1R8-gfYEKgKa/w422-h317/BlueXyl22.jpg" width="422" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Azurite "blueberry (center) with two photomicrographs of parallel stacked crystals.</span></span><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I originally ordered the specimen due to its collecting
location (Utah), and the fact that the mineral brochantite (one of my
favorites) was listed. However, not every purchase in the mineral world turns
out as noted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have never been able to
identify brochantite on this thumbnail specimen! MinDat has brochantite listed
as present (without photos); however, Hampson (1992) stated “A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>number of old malachite specimens were incorrectly
labeled brochantite; no brochantite has been reported from this<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>location (Dick Dayvault, pers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>com.).” I agree with Hampson (at least in my
specimen) that the tiny green radiating sprays, and the masses of tiny acicular
green crystals” are malachite.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">However, all was not lost since one small side of the
thumbnail has numerous light green octahedrons displayed. It turns out these
crystals are cuprite that have been altered to malachite—an interesting
pseudomorph. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">REFERENCES
CITED</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hampson, A. G., 1993, Minerals of the Big Indian
Copper Mine San Juan County, Utah: Rocks and Minerals, v. 68, No. 6. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As the Rolling Stones noted in 1969 on their Let It
Bleed album:</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">No, you can't <a href="https://www.definitions.net/definition/always"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">always</span></a>
get what you want</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">You can't <a href="https://www.definitions.net/definition/always"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">always</span></a>
get what you want</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">You can't <a href="https://www.definitions.net/definition/always"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">always</span></a>
get what you want</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">But if you try <a href="https://www.definitions.net/definition/sometime"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sometime</span></a>
you find</span></i></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;">You get what you need</span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></i></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Wow, that little ditty sometimes just sticks in my
mind and takes me back a few years!! The trivia: that was a B side song, and
the A side was Honky Tonk Women.</span></p>
<p></p><p><br />
</p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-90737130488153489922023-06-03T18:11:00.002-06:002024-03-07T12:03:15.687-07:00GORMANITE FROM THE YUKON; FINALLY SAM McGEE IS WARM<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbxzrFRfmS70Pl_tctiVpyy48mIMJ9UXeblh2f9t7-M5X6kKTxMOQ2e_Cf3oP-jCfza4GNXSMRSRmI1nJcSvymS6hT5BNMf2gYTDx60LC0NHpozw9IJndDN0pWqwtx6qwGAet-pOg7knQqUoG4zEy4zOXtI6H0LmoD1y677hvAY8qjTDXUQAEjx7Q2Nw/s640/gorm12.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbxzrFRfmS70Pl_tctiVpyy48mIMJ9UXeblh2f9t7-M5X6kKTxMOQ2e_Cf3oP-jCfza4GNXSMRSRmI1nJcSvymS6hT5BNMf2gYTDx60LC0NHpozw9IJndDN0pWqwtx6qwGAet-pOg7knQqUoG4zEy4zOXtI6H0LmoD1y677hvAY8qjTDXUQAEjx7Q2Nw/w384-h288/gorm12.jpg" width="384" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">A mixture of quartz, lazulite, and others. Width FOV ~9 mm.</span></span><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">On a lazy Memorial Day weekend afternoon, I had a
little daydream about phosphate minerals. Lately my Blog postings have wandered
all over the place but never seemed to land on phosphates. The secondary
phosphates are among my favorite minerals, so I reached into my magic drawer
and grabbed a box that I had been “eyeing” for several weeks—gormanite. This
hydrated hydroxy phosphate is not all that attractive; however, the presence of
beautiful siderite crystals, along with other microminerals beyond my skill to
identify, in the specimen greatly increases the attractiveness.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mention gormanite and siderite in the same
sentence and mineralogists and rockhounds in-the-know will immediately pinpoint
the locality—Rapid Creek, Dawson Mining District, Yukon, Canada. Here gormanite
forms as low temperature fracture fillings in siderite-rich mid-Cretaceous
sandstones (Frost and others, 2003). But perhaps the best know mineral from the
area is the beautiful azure-blue mineral lazulite [MgAl<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>]. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPh3Vk9fxcJCb3H0291UWyDZyyp08RYKQBE6HWOF6QT5NL_TIdEmrPl3PBUZ3F7MTpI40Tmrq1oVG50njL7_f1vabLAUxYbBYG-O5ZVYIuH6veVT7B4Ul9D-vYjXz9WEZ99DQ8tVRmd9etarl2qcMgcmE2sd4bRNSlJM98JIsHAQ2ZOY2zztEiT_1gUw/s640/gor17.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPh3Vk9fxcJCb3H0291UWyDZyyp08RYKQBE6HWOF6QT5NL_TIdEmrPl3PBUZ3F7MTpI40Tmrq1oVG50njL7_f1vabLAUxYbBYG-O5ZVYIuH6veVT7B4Ul9D-vYjXz9WEZ99DQ8tVRmd9etarl2qcMgcmE2sd4bRNSlJM98JIsHAQ2ZOY2zztEiT_1gUw/w407-h305/gor17.jpg" width="407" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lazulite (blue), quartz, and siderite. Width FOV ~ 9 mm.<br /> </span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLFmgSrq3ZmEri8nZgyY5LKHunP6m9B_Mm2sxXaVWwH0-CIz2s-m-mGXN3E36gZys_OE4c90hfljEED88NUFTaInpgD2ppFP9nzVilMBC6G2PONDKdB8ranzrGif8Z0faeZ7EnMHusK16A5O6MzmDZufClSeimDeGLR67CXgJc1aaSqiRGOIprXKfW6A/s1024/scorzLAZ2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLFmgSrq3ZmEri8nZgyY5LKHunP6m9B_Mm2sxXaVWwH0-CIz2s-m-mGXN3E36gZys_OE4c90hfljEED88NUFTaInpgD2ppFP9nzVilMBC6G2PONDKdB8ranzrGif8Z0faeZ7EnMHusK16A5O6MzmDZufClSeimDeGLR67CXgJc1aaSqiRGOIprXKfW6A/s320/scorzLAZ2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Lazulite crystal. Width ~ 3 mm.</span></span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqe2GQrB-LnfG5UMYDXSmlnf3XI07OtNRosIxlhrkoyYlV_L-nVdV6SY6Yp4xiYioufSzhVw4X25OqJJy9zgQnFqwHzSop3Vcqsig2kzPGCI85UnDHawA4YGigfIsbG7UbzOyt0UgLMSvuHP1YAMNHVZjK-YOT8fxmnnudrAFMt8Y2hvDvWuBTB3bq_Q/s640/gorm15.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqe2GQrB-LnfG5UMYDXSmlnf3XI07OtNRosIxlhrkoyYlV_L-nVdV6SY6Yp4xiYioufSzhVw4X25OqJJy9zgQnFqwHzSop3Vcqsig2kzPGCI85UnDHawA4YGigfIsbG7UbzOyt0UgLMSvuHP1YAMNHVZjK-YOT8fxmnnudrAFMt8Y2hvDvWuBTB3bq_Q/w416-h312/gorm15.jpg" width="416" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Siderite crystal (center). Width ~ 2 mm.</span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22R3Qux_KioGk5AHMePyU-VmZNVyBxf_BTsqv01ehq0XYv_Z_v7FEuFeQWCdnvyx1DagPV8FKWcDKtAQE_7uyTKrHRbl_arOnPEUBAhmucSVUFlpwgcISDm_ci_y_N_q1Y47oX9GJnIYJ0AAv1LhRsm1BXWtJKfPh7oX_8l_AENYvsDIoMps3cu84LQ/s640/gorm8.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh22R3Qux_KioGk5AHMePyU-VmZNVyBxf_BTsqv01ehq0XYv_Z_v7FEuFeQWCdnvyx1DagPV8FKWcDKtAQE_7uyTKrHRbl_arOnPEUBAhmucSVUFlpwgcISDm_ci_y_N_q1Y47oX9GJnIYJ0AAv1LhRsm1BXWtJKfPh7oX_8l_AENYvsDIoMps3cu84LQ/w396-h297/gorm8.jpg" width="396" /> </a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Siderite crystals. Width FOV ~ 9 mm.</span></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd2YTxrVk-byrJ5US2LxGvPwmhiT6eIusMkuRSe7de3fCwTcHi_g33rFBddMM2vGPjgSS_jIcfhiQS2mT0YAsosMNTu080Gd_T2aUI12NF6hhoO0P3IJI4MoDPxq5UOgtpK4E6ZkAdk5QO_zTDJVfhBFej5fe0nD-H-1dc1ngHzTYTKKJjbOjyyKdy9w/s640/gorm1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd2YTxrVk-byrJ5US2LxGvPwmhiT6eIusMkuRSe7de3fCwTcHi_g33rFBddMM2vGPjgSS_jIcfhiQS2mT0YAsosMNTu080Gd_T2aUI12NF6hhoO0P3IJI4MoDPxq5UOgtpK4E6ZkAdk5QO_zTDJVfhBFej5fe0nD-H-1dc1ngHzTYTKKJjbOjyyKdy9w/w388-h291/gorm1.jpg" width="388" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;">Siderite crystals. Width FOV ~ 9 mm.</span></span><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a name="_Hlk136456546"></a></span></p>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk136456546;"></span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Gormanite [Fe<sup>2+</sup>,Mg)<sub>3</sub>(Al,Fe<sup>3+</sup>)<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub>-2H<sub>2</sub>O]
occurs as radiating aggregate of acicular, bladed crystals of a blue-green
color (depending upon light conditions). Crystals do have a pale green streak,
Again, depending upon light conditions, their luster appears as greasy to
sub-vitreous to metallic to dull/earthy. Their hardness has been measured at
4.0-5.0 (Mohs) and they are quite brittle with a splintery fracture.Individuals are often transparent to at least translucent. Gormanite
forms a solid solution series with souzalite where magnesium is the dominant
cation rather than iron. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXXyybT9F3cB-qD9j-hz59kUR2GwkxncRu5CsnruXilNLv_31xGfW_vvCR-6nYo-D8eNeIJGay6zADsDFilDZ54P4tNDMeXuI8WS_BMxJqy9qrpFzsK25I7KvCdPa8Xq_sVavwMAxnXESEoFJ-1OA2-CL310XMbgjYZCGhZHaLVccrSTzA9XVkpNmnXw/s640/gorman1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXXyybT9F3cB-qD9j-hz59kUR2GwkxncRu5CsnruXilNLv_31xGfW_vvCR-6nYo-D8eNeIJGay6zADsDFilDZ54P4tNDMeXuI8WS_BMxJqy9qrpFzsK25I7KvCdPa8Xq_sVavwMAxnXESEoFJ-1OA2-CL310XMbgjYZCGhZHaLVccrSTzA9XVkpNmnXw/w387-h290/gorman1.jpg" width="387" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Gormanite sprays. Width FOV ~17 mm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-0aFBTtWrJa0jUmTDfS6G2JUecRqKUB1lLgVhm8uaW5W8RsHiLLVUx_dIHHqlW4W5PzCiszRQV_DGpLqkAgSm5J3AZUaq7ui21STitzSKlWncuaKl8jRrs6DZq-Hi80t-Z6Wf4ihn__Mdcg0va9iQLkNTkrIV7vqgWn9K4njUjEttHPrQPM20eD0elw/s640/gor15.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-0aFBTtWrJa0jUmTDfS6G2JUecRqKUB1lLgVhm8uaW5W8RsHiLLVUx_dIHHqlW4W5PzCiszRQV_DGpLqkAgSm5J3AZUaq7ui21STitzSKlWncuaKl8jRrs6DZq-Hi80t-Z6Wf4ihn__Mdcg0va9iQLkNTkrIV7vqgWn9K4njUjEttHPrQPM20eD0elw/s320/gor15.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDq6R2ugu1hxCnejhmxExKf6GUi_kNwcoAMSxLrtuwddzpBj6gJHB7dN95F3jrKteiMYksxibRcmmQhk9H6R0sXKfb0uU0oXxyM4HBvpU1pv4-sNwiwIxzzsQi6kbJmzCiupniRaUWyGykeWxzsUW3NB1dfVMq3iDdh0dVNwn-pdxn4cRnxbmPdbsQlg/s640/gor12.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDq6R2ugu1hxCnejhmxExKf6GUi_kNwcoAMSxLrtuwddzpBj6gJHB7dN95F3jrKteiMYksxibRcmmQhk9H6R0sXKfb0uU0oXxyM4HBvpU1pv4-sNwiwIxzzsQi6kbJmzCiupniRaUWyGykeWxzsUW3NB1dfVMq3iDdh0dVNwn-pdxn4cRnxbmPdbsQlg/s320/gor12.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXlvSu2MwSOr2hz7FeWjAlSEpNEY6F8ibdad4JbUsvsJKYgnovjrUavhD5R7WtKXIATWFvmXU9m3l-OT4LGwDUMEZea7CBW4ATpTGtPPo5n_SkzzfFAYrKFERZo8KncXwZPXzM7T8AabSUCTWic5X27_YZZR14XiVkhstuK2oE3CiRGvN_RbhJsmgivQ/s640/gor11.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXlvSu2MwSOr2hz7FeWjAlSEpNEY6F8ibdad4JbUsvsJKYgnovjrUavhD5R7WtKXIATWFvmXU9m3l-OT4LGwDUMEZea7CBW4ATpTGtPPo5n_SkzzfFAYrKFERZo8KncXwZPXzM7T8AabSUCTWic5X27_YZZR14XiVkhstuK2oE3CiRGvN_RbhJsmgivQ/s320/gor11.jpg" width="320" /></a></div></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;">Sprays of gormanite with siderite crystals and other minerals. Width FOV ~ 9 mm.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The Rapid Creek, and associated Big Fish River
localities, along with several smaller sub localities, are in northern Yukon,
Canada, a locality without a coffee shop or convenience store. Oil and or
mineral geologists in the late 1960s to 1980s, armed with mosquito netting
headbands, were cruising around the area, and happened on chips of lazurite.
This blue mineral attracted the attention of mineralogists and rockhounds and
now the localities have a list of 70+ known minerals including 8+ Type
Localities counting gormanite. However, although the Rapid Creek Formation is
noted for the presence of well crystallized secondary phosphate minerals it is
also noted for the absence of common phosphates that are a normal part of the
diagenesis of iron-phosphate bearing sediments (Gunter, 2020)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Confusion abounds in describing the depositional environment
of the Rapid Creek Formation. Robertson (1982), one of the first geologists to
deeply delve into the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rapid Creek
mineralogy and geology, believed the rocks were deposited in a quiet near shore
environment. Later work by Gunter (2020) noted the “absence of clay minerals was
one of the main differences between the Rapid Creek Formation and the other
contemporaneous sedimentary sequences of the eastern Canadian Cordillera.
Traces of volcanic ash in the form of thin bentonite layers are widespread in
the shoreline to shallow marine mid-Cretaceous sedimentary sections as far east
as Manitoba. These bentonite-sourced smectite clays are not present in the
Rapid Creek Formation and provide supporting evidence for the deep-water
deposition of the phosphatic shales…an unusual situation since the majority of
world-wide phosphatic shale sequences are shallow-water deposition.” </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">For gormanite: </span><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">So you're a little weird? Work
it! A little different? Own it! Better to be a nerd than one of the herd!</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mandy Hale</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">REFERENCES
CITED<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Gunter, R., 2020), Yukon phosphate update:</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://www.mindat.org/article.php/3865/Yukon+Phosphate+Update+2020">https://www.mindat.org/article.php/3865/Yukon+Phosphate+Update+2020</a>.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Frost, R., K Erickson, M. Weier, S. Mills, 2003, Raman
spectroscopy of the phosphate minerals: cacoxenite and gormanite: Asian Chemistry
Letters, 7.4.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Robertson, B.T.,1982, Occurrence of epigenetic
phosphate minerals in a phosphatic iron-formation, Yukon. The Canadian Mineralogist:
Vol. 20, No. 2.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Robinson G.W., Van Velthuizen J, Ansell H.G. and
Sturman B.D. (1992) Mineralogy of the Rapid Creek and Big Fish River Area Yukon
Territory: Mineralogical Record v. 23 no.4 p. 4-47.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I have actually set foot in the Yukon, maybe 10 feet
or so. I rode the White Pass and Yukon Route narrow gauge railroad from Skagway,
Alaska, up to the top of White Pass, the U.S.-Canada border. We actually used
part of Yukon to “turn around.” The gold loving “stampeders” continued to the
Klondike in 1896-1899. Most never “struck it reach” and returned home or died.
Some of these prospectors never warmed up in the cold until their final end,
like my favorite Sam McGee.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The
Cremation of Sam McGee</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">By
Robert W. Service</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">There are strange things done in the
midnight sun</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <i>By the men who
moil for gold;</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The Arctic trails have their secret tales</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <i>That would make
your blood run cold;</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The Northern Lights have seen queer sights,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <i>But the
queerest they ever did see</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Was that night on the marge of Lake
Lebarge</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <i>I cremated Sam
McGee.</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Now Sam McGee was from Tennessee, where the cotton
blooms and blows.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Why he left his home in the South to roam 'round the
Pole, God only knows.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was always
cold, but the land of gold seemed to hold him like a spell;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Though he'd often say in his homely way that
"he'd sooner live in hell."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">On a Christmas Day we were mushing our way over the
Dawson trail.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Talk of your cold! Through the parka's fold it stabbed
like a driven nail.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">If our eyes we'd close, then the lashes froze till
sometimes we couldn't see;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">It wasn't much fun, but the only one to whimper was
Sam McGee.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And that very night, as we lay packed tight in our
robes beneath the snow,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And the dogs were fed, and the stars o'erhead were
dancing heel and toe,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">He turned to me, and "Cap," says he,
"I'll cash in this trip, I guess;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And if I do, I'm asking that you won't refuse my last
request."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Well, he seemed so low that I couldn't say no; then he
says with a sort of moan:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">"It's the cursèd cold, and it's got right hold
till I'm chilled clean through to the bone.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Yet 'tain't being dead—it's my awful dread of the icy
grave that pains;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">So I want you to swear that, foul or fair, you'll cremate
my last remains."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">A pal's last need is a thing to heed, so I swore I
would not fail;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And we started on at the streak of dawn; but God! he
looked ghastly pale.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">He crouched on the sleigh, and he raved all day of his
home in Tennessee.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And before nightfall a corpse was all that was left of
Sam McGee.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">There wasn't a breath in that land of death, and I
hurried, horror-driven,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">With a corpse half hid that I couldn't get rid,
because of a promise given;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">It was lashed to the sleigh, and it seemed to say:
"You may tax your brawn and brains,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">But you promised true, and it's up to you to cremate
those last remains."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Now a promise made is a debt unpaid, and the trail has
its own stern code.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">In the days to come, though my lips were dumb, in my
heart how I cursed that load.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">In the long, long night, by the lone firelight, while
the huskies, round in a ring,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Howled out their woes to the homeless snows— O God!
how I loathed the thing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And every day that quiet clay seemed to heavy and
heavier grow;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And on I went, though the dogs were spent and the grub
was getting low;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The trail was bad, and I felt half mad, but I swore I
would not give in;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And I'd often sing to the hateful thing, and it
hearkened with a grin.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Till I came to the marge of Lake Lebarge, and a
derelict there lay;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">It was jammed in the ice, but I saw in a trice it was
called the "Alice May."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And I looked at it, and I thought a bit, and I looked
at my frozen chum;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Then "Here," said I, with a sudden cry,
"is my cre-ma-tor-eum."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Some planks I tore from the cabin floor, and I lit the
boiler fire;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Some coal I found that was lying around, and I heaped
the fuel higher;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The flames just soared, and the furnace roared—such a
blaze you seldom see;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And I burrowed a hole in the glowing coal, and I
stuffed in Sam McGee.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Then I made a hike, for I didn't like to hear him
sizzle so;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And the heavens scowled, and the huskies howled, and
the wind began to blow.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">It was icy cold, but the hot sweat rolled down my
cheeks, and I don't know why;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And the greasy smoke in an inky cloak went streaking
down the sky.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I do not know how long in the snow I wrestled with
grisly fear;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">But the stars came out and they danced about ere again
I ventured near;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I was sick with dread, but I bravely said: "I'll
just take a peep inside.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I guess he's cooked, and it's time I looked"; ...
then the door I opened wide.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And there sat Sam, looking cool and calm, in the heart
of the furnace roar;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">And he wore a smile you could see a mile, and he said:
"Please close that door.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">It's fine in here, but I greatly fear you'll let in
the cold and storm—</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Since I left Plumtree, down in Tennessee, it's the
first time I've been warm."</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">There are strange things done in the
midnight sun</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <i>By the men who
moil for gold;</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The Arctic trails have their secret tales</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <i>That would make
your blood run cold;</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The Northern Lights have seen queer
sights,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <i>But the
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Was that night on the marge of Lake
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> <i>I cremated Sam
McGee.</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-5231887709230151532023-05-24T17:13:00.002-06:002023-05-24T17:13:55.563-06:00BOTALLACKITE FROM CORNWALL<p> <!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I recently wrote about the mineral ettringite from the
Kalahari Manganese Field that was purchased at the recent Denver Spring Show.
Another micro, botallackite, that I lugged home was originally in the
collection of Erich Laskowski, then acquired by Shannon Minerals (Tucson), was
remounted. and then ended up as a lonely specimen in Denver.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I don’t know much about Erich Laskowski (1949-2020)
except he “was a mining engineer, working principally at Bagdad, Arizona, and
Hayden Hill, California. Mr. Laskowski collected minerals his entire life,
assembling his collection from the 1970s to circa 2014” (Mineral Species.com).
Recently vendors Mineral Species, Marin Minerals, and Mineral Classics have
been liquidating his collection.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Botallackite is a hydrous copper chloride [Cu<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>3</sub>Cl]
usually occurring as tiny, green (various shades) prismatic to tabular crystals
that form a translucent to transparent, soft crust on a matrix or are simply
scattered across the matrix. Crystals in a crust often are indistinct while the
scattered crystals are more easily recognized. Perhaps the most interesting
thing about botallackite is that it forms in or near marine waters as copper
deposits or copper slag weathers. The sea water provides chlorine while rocks
provide copper. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most specimens on the
market come from the cliffs around Cligga Head on the southwest coast of
Cornwall, England, which has a mining history dating back perhaps 4000 years.
Mines, shafts, and adits are scattered over the area as both copper and tin
were mined by the U.K. in the 1700s-1800s and were critical components driving
England’s Industrial Revolution. The copper and tin minerals were hosted in
veins and replacement wall rock of Devonian metasedimentary rocks. Hydrothermal
fluids probably emulated from the Permian Land’s End Pluton (mostly granite) rock.
My tiny specimen came from an unnamed mine on </span><span style="font-family: times;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Cligga Head </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">on the Cornwall Coast near Perranporth.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: times;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0RQcAYMuPdB9UIE0geQP6Irj7A_793I3FH9NtfhJ5ZP556_93114_2vZC6IVS7OKHeTseBF04NO6V5CKKOIm94-fhI9W28Ozal8QWjGIdJCowhHss7xG1lRfTNdCpVvkRKWw9nfB1W9zSfqym6ue9euyboaUpuy4bjF6A-XHst5mghCqK-e3_dPHtxA/s1200/cligga-head-perranporth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0RQcAYMuPdB9UIE0geQP6Irj7A_793I3FH9NtfhJ5ZP556_93114_2vZC6IVS7OKHeTseBF04NO6V5CKKOIm94-fhI9W28Ozal8QWjGIdJCowhHss7xG1lRfTNdCpVvkRKWw9nfB1W9zSfqym6ue9euyboaUpuy4bjF6A-XHst5mghCqK-e3_dPHtxA/w422-h281/cligga-head-perranporth.jpg" width="422" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: 21.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Cligga Head on the Cornwall Coast near Perranporth</span></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 21.3333px;">. </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt;">Notice
the numerous mine openings from near the beach (center left) and immediate
front. One of the main entrances to the Cligga Head Mine was on top of the
plateau. Major mineral commodities were tin, copper, and tungsten. I hope to
visit mining relics on my upcoming trip to Cornwall. The photo is courtesy of
cornwalls.co.uk.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_uXDxkVTEWKwtSXjbCpIiWtZPxgYPrmeYuoE7peNC-NvgPMvej3kXNH7OXMu33w3q8vu-JYmq9j2C4moqsx0FfbzWlgMOYAVYpjDIefaK1a17PuOdNuHcqFwi__KPRbL0i3y7BTfP26tkscX2nUNhzJXrJwkjIiz3PqWIOeskhvdasda7XFsTHLB9Bg/s541/bott22444.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="541" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_uXDxkVTEWKwtSXjbCpIiWtZPxgYPrmeYuoE7peNC-NvgPMvej3kXNH7OXMu33w3q8vu-JYmq9j2C4moqsx0FfbzWlgMOYAVYpjDIefaK1a17PuOdNuHcqFwi__KPRbL0i3y7BTfP26tkscX2nUNhzJXrJwkjIiz3PqWIOeskhvdasda7XFsTHLB9Bg/w407-h356/bott22444.jpg" width="407" /></a></span></span></div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">In the above photomicrograph some botallackite crystals
reflect light (and appear shiny) while others (with arrows) are pale green and
appear translucent to transparent. The blue patches are indistinct crystals of connellite
[Cu<sub>19</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)(OH)<sub>32</sub>Cl<sub>4</sub> · 3H<sub>2</sub>O].<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> M</span>aximum width (bottom) FOV ~6 mm.</span></p>
<p></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-50767129941533504442023-05-01T19:00:00.001-06:002023-08-09T18:58:45.701-06:00ETTRINGITE FROM THE KALAHARI DESERT AND YOUR SIDEWALK<p></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Why Do
You Want To Know?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">A recent post on the Denver Spring Show was a generalized
“here is a sampling of what I saw at the venue.” As stated in this post, I came
home with only a few specimens, and one was a nicely colored group of hexagonal
ettringite crystals [Ca<sub>6</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>12</sub>-26H<sub>2</sub>O].</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Ettringite is an interesting mineral, a hydrous calcium
aluminum sulfate, and is somewhat confusing to me. At the Type Locality in
Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, ettringite crystals are tiny, hexagonal, gemmy
clear, and many have nice terminations with rhombohedral faces—think quartz
look-a-likes. A few are even very thin, white fibers. Crystals at the TL are
associated with metamorphosed limestone.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Talk to a construction/economic/chemical mineralogist and
they will tell you that ettringite is a “hexacalcium aluminum trisulfate
hydrate” that is formed in Portland cement as a result of the reaction of
tricalcium aluminate <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">(C<sub>3</sub>A) with calcium
sulfate (CaSO<sub>4</sub>): </span><span style="font-family: arial;"><a name="_Hlk133605666"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">C<sub>3</sub>A</span></a><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">
+ 3 <a name="_Hlk133673610">CaSO<sub>4</sub></a> → ettringite</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> (Merlini and
others, 2008). Did you ever wonder why freshly poured concrete gets warm (one
of life’s persistent questions)? The C<sub>3</sub>A hydration is
very exothermic and occurs quickly in the fresh concrete mix; the
temperature increases with the fast progress of the hydration reaction. The
workers “in the know” (those cement chemists) then add gypsum </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: small;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #202122; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">(</span><span class="chemf nowrap" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; animation-delay: -0.01ms; animation-duration: 0.01ms; animation-iteration-count: 1; background-color: white; color: #202122; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; scroll-behavior: auto; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; transition-duration: 0ms; white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: 0px;">CaSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub" style="animation-delay: -0.01ms; animation-duration: 0.01ms; animation-iteration-count: 1; line-height: 1; scroll-behavior: auto; transition-duration: 0ms; vertical-align: -0.35em;">4</sub>·2H<sub style="animation-delay: -0.01ms; animation-duration: 0.01ms; animation-iteration-count: 1; line-height: 1; scroll-behavior: auto; transition-duration: 0ms;">2</sub>O</span></span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">) and other materials [perhaps heated (sintered) limestone, clay, fly ash. etc.]</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> to the Portland
cement to control the concrete setting. It seems like the gypsum allows ettringite to coat the C<sub>3</sub>A grains and slows down the hydration (Divet, 2000). WOW. I
thought you simply added some sand and water to a bag of cement, mix, and
presto with some time you get hard concrete!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">All of these ruminations on cement mixing bring back, from the far
reaches of my mind, some unpleasant memories of a 7:30 am class on construction
mineralogy (mainly taught to civil engineering students) or some such thing.
Luckily, I was auditing the class and did not take the tests. That choice was a
masterful stroke of genius on my part since I understood very little of what
was going on, especially at 7:30 am. And finally, don’t be confused with the
chemistry as those pesky cement chemists use their own chemical notations such
as C=CaO and A=Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>! </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;">DON"T ASK ME HOW TO FORMAT WORD!!!!! </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Above: Ettringite crystals formed in concrete. I am
guessing this is a SEM photomicrograph with the longest crystal ~ 40 microns.
Credit Farnam’s Research Group at Drexel University, Drexel Advanced and
Sustainable Infrastructure Materials Lab for the photo. Published in National
Precast Concrete Association / Precast Magazines / Precast Inc. Magazine / 2018
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p> <br /></div></div></span><p></p></td><td style="padding: 0in; width: 90.2pt;" valign="top" width="120"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUELfErwxk19ZCX2kNQlPWChgMQUwivOshew0bxUfgc7MtDR-648OE3QkP3fWbRaiN1mIAFJoI_94HWvzFwYlE5ApLc-2O-9a7uYlc3mVBP1IecVBxBM7ZITOyFXuu50vZAwoflBgGYUMaSXPRO1JXIXf9uc5UF_bGsF7qinLzH0Kw08RRun7IGs8UPQ/s640/ETT4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUELfErwxk19ZCX2kNQlPWChgMQUwivOshew0bxUfgc7MtDR-648OE3QkP3fWbRaiN1mIAFJoI_94HWvzFwYlE5ApLc-2O-9a7uYlc3mVBP1IecVBxBM7ZITOyFXuu50vZAwoflBgGYUMaSXPRO1JXIXf9uc5UF_bGsF7qinLzH0Kw08RRun7IGs8UPQ/w395-h296/ETT4.png" width="395" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqCgsYFJ9c_Hagf0BReZiD0e3cgvIug4ciAwAwYsPZP_BZjIu8FLiH5p89cPxlGsPRslOeRnCCos9mw8djMrY1PC-UoeUImeeKM7-rVWosoqAA9EyRzbd1AfdyUSPkjb-exDUEl9WtrXwzlQP0yB5nY0Dzt2QSJoz9lYMgHJsrkxAJO5DAo6G-pf0lTQ/s640/ETT5.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqCgsYFJ9c_Hagf0BReZiD0e3cgvIug4ciAwAwYsPZP_BZjIu8FLiH5p89cPxlGsPRslOeRnCCos9mw8djMrY1PC-UoeUImeeKM7-rVWosoqAA9EyRzbd1AfdyUSPkjb-exDUEl9WtrXwzlQP0yB5nY0Dzt2QSJoz9lYMgHJsrkxAJO5DAo6G-pf0lTQ/w404-h303/ETT5.png" width="404" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSkxNevDelPmSfbsUIFcPbEFwlGFkhVFcT47k6NK6RNv2uryMvCQEJk_oSIuJQ9jIXyM6GC8Ic-COn2yrjwd_3Fm1TV2fVPArT1iNCBZ_hhQAwp0iQD5OdEq1vJOvdyU7joeyn8qXh3UjcC5Py_lNgauTb3sIAveWcCLB23ozQ-ifS_zjmHJhc1GSmSA/s351/ETT6.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="294" data-original-width="351" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSkxNevDelPmSfbsUIFcPbEFwlGFkhVFcT47k6NK6RNv2uryMvCQEJk_oSIuJQ9jIXyM6GC8Ic-COn2yrjwd_3Fm1TV2fVPArT1iNCBZ_hhQAwp0iQD5OdEq1vJOvdyU7joeyn8qXh3UjcC5Py_lNgauTb3sIAveWcCLB23ozQ-ifS_zjmHJhc1GSmSA/w352-h294/ETT6.png" width="352" /></a></div><p><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Crystals of tan to lemon-yellow ettringite/ The dark (black) material is some sort of manganese oxide, probably </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">manganite [Mn<sup>3+</sup>O(OH)] while the chalky white mineral is most likely o</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">yelite [Ca<sub>10</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>29</sub> ·
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I need to unpack some of that material from my mind
and toss it in the garbage. But hold on—as a life-long learner I now know why
concrete heats up when poured, and the need to spray water on fresh concrete to
retard evaporation and slow down the hydration and produce stronger concrete.
That little bit of learning eases my rumbling mind!!</span></p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">All of this chatter leads me back to ettringite from
the Denver show. Many rockhounds have nice yellow to lemon-yellow ettringite
crystals in their collection and would not recognize minerals from the Type
Locality nor realize that their sidewalk probably has tiny ettringite crystals.
Almost all collectable ettringite crystals come from the Kalahari Manganese
Field in the northern Cape Province, South Africa, especially from the N'Chwaning
Mines and some from the Wessels Mine. These mines were not really operational
until the 1970s and 1980s; therefore, the great mineral specimens from the mines
only appeared on the market in the last 50 years or so. MinDat noted that “apart
from their ore producing significance [manganese], the N'Chwaning mines are
notable and famous among the mineral collecting community for producing high-quality
mineral specimens of rhodochrosite, manganite, <i>ettringite</i>, inesite,
jouravskite and other minerals. The majority of the major mineral finds
documented originate from the N'Chwaning II shaft [production started in 1981]…</span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">The
manganese ores of the Kalahari Manganese Field are contained within sediments
of the Hotazel Formation of the Griqualand West Sequence, a subdivision of the
Proterozoic Transvaal Supergroup.” These late discoveries explain why my
favorite mineral book, <i>Encyclopedia of Minerals</i> (Roberts and others,
1974), does not mention the Kalahari ettringite.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">I “want to know” since it gives me a purpose in life. It
makes my life worthwhile. It is what gets me up in the morning. It keeps me
healthy, happy, and hopefully creative. It pumps up my mojo. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">REFERENCES
CITED</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in; width: 91.7pt;" valign="top" width="122">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Divet, Loïc, 2000, State of knowledge on the possible
causes of sulfate reactions internal to concrete: Bulletin de Liaison des
Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées, Number 227.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Merlini, M., G. Artioli, T. Cerulli, F. Cella, and A. Bravo,
2008, Tricalcium aluminate hydration in additivated systems. A crystallographic
study by SR-XRPD: Cement and Concrete Research, Elsevier vol. 38, no.
4. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 107%;">Roberts, W.L., G.R. Rapp, Jr., and J. Weber, 1974, Encyclopedia
of Minerals: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.</span></p> <br /><p></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1580629844893014592.post-55578423476577514612023-04-25T16:35:00.000-06:002023-04-25T16:35:37.849-06:00VALENTINITE: SECONDARY ANTIMONY MINERAL<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">In an earlier posting (August 21, 2020) I described my
specimen of senarmontite, an antimony oxide [Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>] that
often appears as nice octahedral crystals (Isometric System). It usually has a gray
to white color or occasionally red to colorless. The colorless
variety is transparent while the others are translucent to mildly
opaque. Although my specimen is a nice octahedron, senarmontite also
occurs as a massive and or granular mineral. Colorless crystals are subvitreous
while others have a resinous luster, but all have a white
streak. The mineral also is quite soft at ~2 or a little more
(Mohs).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgp5E9d5FyDau7WTIbxU74QyWLcdtWCzW5C_46dv_FY7EqFd8gKNTTJG0uMAB1IzCfD5VnS_rglgOwzE2viWVH43kUKm67TC1q37QV97N4XTUBJ7ArEwsd9PyseTwN25oTTVtRNecTmpM0Wke6ZaN6hIZ5jICXZ6tk5OTTLSDFMKsgeC-qZPwO9T48AMw" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="415" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgp5E9d5FyDau7WTIbxU74QyWLcdtWCzW5C_46dv_FY7EqFd8gKNTTJG0uMAB1IzCfD5VnS_rglgOwzE2viWVH43kUKm67TC1q37QV97N4XTUBJ7ArEwsd9PyseTwN25oTTVtRNecTmpM0Wke6ZaN6hIZ5jICXZ6tk5OTTLSDFMKsgeC-qZPwO9T48AMw" width="250" /></a></div><br /><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt; text-align: left;">The octahedron of translucent senarmontite.
Width/length crystal ~7 mm. Specimen collected from the
Djebel Hammimat Mine, Ain Babouche District, Oum el Bouaghi Province, Algeria.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">It is always interesting as a rockhound to locate
dimorphous minerals, that is minerals with the same chemical formula but
crystalizing in different Crystal Systems. So, I was happy to pick up two
specimens of valentinite, also an antimony oxide with the same chemical formula
as senarmontite [Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]. However, valentinite is a member
of the Orthorhombic Crystal System and usually appears as flattened prismatic
crystals with complex terminations in fan-shaped aggregates. Most minerals have
an adamantine luster, a white streak, and are colorless to white; collectors
like to locate rarer yellow, pink and brown crystals, However, as in senarmontite,
valentinite may form in granular masses. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiATW07W3Sos3tIWI2HBUR1vhASzv6tlx3GvtjPuHimP4pTcz3bkmDhL6lcGObhWTc5rCxzwDrqmik_LfQpPtfD484vBokh7wo936sQ5zPgXDgUpFDXABVIiAZ52lk-qBATYBjyQot3RrOAjd4HlWsW9Iu0_SoEw2EVWBcE7Czdz6Q24zXiCuUn-qswyQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="356" data-original-width="769" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiATW07W3Sos3tIWI2HBUR1vhASzv6tlx3GvtjPuHimP4pTcz3bkmDhL6lcGObhWTc5rCxzwDrqmik_LfQpPtfD484vBokh7wo936sQ5zPgXDgUpFDXABVIiAZ52lk-qBATYBjyQot3RrOAjd4HlWsW9Iu0_SoEw2EVWBcE7Czdz6Q24zXiCuUn-qswyQ=w396-h183" width="396" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjoEPIHEGSIl7n0PLmtPwCdRTDmXCIsUpiGdb4fjqqlVQsqbvjXwKFoRgbafZWKK3i3aMkCpBsitTED0xteSw5ZLyJFxVT4Boex4jn43YWF0dJomKc532FyPX09Js1NEsYFLUoEX09h_zhfbvIopxgCLD1lA8ClwK3L2FQ8Iz1Xv-xwuGljLsciLhGATQ" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="449" data-original-width="444" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjoEPIHEGSIl7n0PLmtPwCdRTDmXCIsUpiGdb4fjqqlVQsqbvjXwKFoRgbafZWKK3i3aMkCpBsitTED0xteSw5ZLyJFxVT4Boex4jn43YWF0dJomKc532FyPX09Js1NEsYFLUoEX09h_zhfbvIopxgCLD1lA8ClwK3L2FQ8Iz1Xv-xwuGljLsciLhGATQ" width="237" /></a></div><br /><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16pt;">The specimen above was collected from the Graf
Jost-Christian Mine, Wolfsberg, Sangerhausen, Mansfeld-Sudharz, Saxony-Anhalt,
Germany. The mine started extracting antimony ore around 1700. There are tiny
acicular crystals on porous quartz crystals. MinDat noted specimens from here
are rare. The original label, from Shannon’s Minerals in Tucson was glued on
but appears “older,” I remounted the specimen due to the condition of case. Width
FOV top is ~9.5 mm. With of bottom specimen ~3.0 mm.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhyLT4qZN9Palvoc-UPOzBVnpiUtcnOYkQhS047zlAMUFf0HdIf5WRVBFbYPAy8x7bd8o-j38Q1ti9vJ7BjH0aK1oHwCOUIEg7qnd_-Uz3pb5IFgstBztdmq9E0gCWaZa1anG7rrcSN5K8M2Io3g4FZhdZK92PiiJXxbWKstQO_uGJEX-ghZF8_DvH7_Q" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="527" data-original-width="702" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhyLT4qZN9Palvoc-UPOzBVnpiUtcnOYkQhS047zlAMUFf0HdIf5WRVBFbYPAy8x7bd8o-j38Q1ti9vJ7BjH0aK1oHwCOUIEg7qnd_-Uz3pb5IFgstBztdmq9E0gCWaZa1anG7rrcSN5K8M2Io3g4FZhdZK92PiiJXxbWKstQO_uGJEX-ghZF8_DvH7_Q=w375-h281" width="375" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Flat lying radiating sprays of valentinite on a stibnite
matrix. Width FOV ~1.7 cm. Collected from Kolarsky vrch deposit, Pezinok,
Pezinok District, Bratislava Region, Slovakia. MinDat noted “One of the largest
hydrothermal antimony deposits in Slovakia. Small-scale mining of antimony
started in 1790 and after some breaks finally stopped in 1991 for economic
reasons. The deposit is famous for excellent kermesite specimens. </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 21.3333px;">Vein-type antimony deposit, hosted in Late Silurian to Lower Carboniferous phyllites and black slates.”</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Both senarmontite and valentinite are secondary minerals
and are</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">weathering/alteration products
of other antimony-bearing minerals (commonly stibnite) in the oxidized zone of
hydrothermal antimony deposits. Associated oxidized minerals often include stibiconite
[Sb</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3+</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Sb</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">5+</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">O</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">6</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">(OH)], cervantite [Sb</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">3+</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">Sb</span><sup style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">5+</sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">O</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">4</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">],
and kermesite [Sb</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">S</span><sub style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">2</sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;">O].</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">A brief word about dimorphic polymorphism—brief because understanding
the exact mechanisms causing such are </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">mostly above my pay grade. I best
understand the dimorphs calcite and aragonite (high pressure polymorph).
However, aragonite is metastable at the low pressures near the Earth's surface
and is thus commonly replaced by calcite. In fact, aragonite is rare or absent
in rocks older than ~Mississippian age. Many rockhounds "sort of" understand carbon (hexagonal structure) and
diamond (isometric structure) where differing pressure and temperature form
different minerals. I "sort of" understand that the dimorphism in </span><a name="_Hlk133326192" style="font-size: 16pt;">senarmontite </a><span style="font-size: 16pt;">and valentinite evidently is in response
to changes in temperature and pressure during their formation. Senarmontite seems
to be metastable; however, I don’t have the slightest idea if</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">there can be a change to valentinite. I just
cannot locate appropriate informative literature so will file that problem in “one of
life’s persistent questions.”</span></span></p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span><p></p>Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06840636909756120255noreply@blogger.com0