Many travelers heading south/north
on I-25 readily observe a "strange” sort of small butte just north of the town
of Walsenburg, Colorado. I suppose that
most people just zip on by and neglect to stop and read the roadside history
sign. Not I, as my father stopped at every roadside sign that happened to come along. This interest in signs was an attempt to teach his kids about local history and sort of complimented his visiting
every roadside attraction that advertised rattlesnakes in a cage. In 1955 my father, mother and I set out on a
trip to southern California in the old ford, exploring all sorts of locations
along Route 66. Always the inquisitive
person, my father rarely passed up any attraction. I inherited this curiosity and so rarely pass
up a good roadside history sign, or a coffee shop. Therefore, I have actually stooped and read
the sigh explaining Huerfano Butte.
My early interest in the
Butte started many, many years ago when as a student I became fascinated with
the great geological surveys of the American West---the reports of the Wheeler,
King, Hayden and Powell expeditions in the 1800’s. I poured over the hundreds of pages in the
volumes, mentally noting the places that I wanted to visit and observe,
especially those reasonably close to my home in Kansas. In fact, these writings certainly cemented my
career objectives of becoming a geologist and working “out west”. And, at my first chance, I traveled on a
field trip to see the Spanish Peaks and observe Huerfano Butte. I proudly pointed out to my student colleagues
that the land form was illustrated in the great survey tome by F. V. Hayden
entitled The
United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Later in life I became interested in the
travels of John Charles Fremont and was pleased to learn that his fifth
expedition to the west noted the Butte.
Today, I often travel down Interstate 25, past the Butte, and wonder
what it would have been like to travel with Hayden and/or Fremont. Then reality arrives and wakes me up as I
remember the cold and hunger experienced by the groups: At the killing of this horse, nearly all the men were present. They had
not tasted food for nearly two days, and were, consequently, ravenous, and
thought of nothing else but satisfying the cravings of hunger. As soon as the
horse was slaughtered, without exception, every one cut off a piece, and
roasted it at the different camp fires (Carvalho, 1856).
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“The Huerfano Butte, New Mexico Territory,
August 19, 1869” (as seen by the Hayden expedition).
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Huerfano Butte, termed El
Huerfano by the early Spanish explorers and The Orphan by some, is located
about six miles north of Walsenburg near Exit 59. The elevation of the butte is 6043 feet
giving a conspicuous relief of about 100 feet.
Although many people refer to the butte as a volcano (the Colorado state
sign calls it “volcanic outcrop”) it falls short of that designation. More than likely it is a hypabyssal plug
meaning that the magma cooled before it reached the surface of the earth.
Penn (1995) has an
interesting story for the Butte and described the rocks as a biotite
olivine alkali-gabbro cut by two east-west trending dikes, one a biotite
monzonite, the second and smaller one a weathered alkali-lamprophyre. In more common
terms, a gabbro is a dark igneous rock that cooled within the surface of the
earth and is the coarse grain equivalent of the extrusive igneous rock known as
basalt. The gabbro at Huerfano Butte has
significant amounts of the minerals biotite and olivine with the only feldspar
being plagioclase rather than an alkali (high in potassium and sodium) form
such as microcline or orthoclase. The
two dikes are composed of other intrusive igneous rocks, monzonite, (mostly
equal parts of plagioclase and orthoclase) and lamprophyre (a weird sort of
rock with high amounts of amphibole and feldspar). All this boils down to the fact that the
Butte has a major body of coarse grained, dark colored igneous rock with a
couple of cross-cutting dikes. All of
the rocks cooled below the surface of the earth; therefore, it is not a
volcano.
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Huerfano
Butte looking east from near I-25.
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The
other interesting story presented by Penn concerns the dates of the rocks. It seems that both the gabbro and the monzonite
have radiometric dates of ~25.2 Ma. Case
closed! But wait a minute. Since the dates for both the plug and the
dike are identical it seems likely that during the emplacement of the dike, the
radiometric date for the main gabbro plug was reset and so actually the plug
rocks are somewhat older than the dikes (~25.2 Ma) A nice bit of detective work by Penn (1995).
The emplacement of Huerfano Butte, as well as other
relatives---the Spanish Peaks, Gardner Butte,
Goemmer Butte, Bandito Cone, and the Spanish Peaks Dike System—may be
related to the opening of the Rio Grande Rift System on the west side of the
Sangre de Cristo Range.
Another
interesting story concerning Huerfano Butte can be traced back to the Fifth
Expedition of the West lead by that intrepid explorer John Charles
Fremont. Fremont hired, in August 1853,
an American-born Sephardic Jew by the name of Solomon Carvalho to document the
travel. I note his religion only as
something of historical interest since he often went hungry rather than eat
non-kosher food, or fresh porcupine that he thought looked like pork: A large porcupine was killed and brought into camp
to-day by our Delawares, who placed it on a large fire burning off its quills,
leaving a thick hard skin, very like that of a hog. The meat was white, but
very fat, it looked very much like pork. My stomach revolted at it, and I sat
hungry around our mess, looking at my comrades enjoying it (Carvalho,
1856).
Carvalho
was a master daguerreotypist and was charged with creating a “photographic”
record of the expedition. The explorers left
Kansas City in September 1853 traveling mostly along the Arkansas River to near
Pueblo and thence over the mountains to southern Utah. Carvalho documented the travel but
unfortunately his prints (except for one) were destroyed in a fire in 1881. Also, Fremont would not allow members of his
expedition to compile private diaries, and Fremont himself never wrote up the
results (a long story for later).
However, Carvalho not only broke the rules and wrote a diary, he also
published a book documenting the expedition (1856). In addition, later in life Fremont published
his memoirs (1887) and included 30 engraved illustrations of Carvelho’s daguerreotypes,
including Huerfano Butte.
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Huerfano Butte as copied by Fremont (1887)
from a daguerreotype by Solomon Navalho.
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In
Carvalho’s (1857) words, the expedition traveled up the Arkansas River past
the ruins of Bent’s Old Fort and he questioned will the progress of civilization ever extend so far in the interior?… After crossing the Huerfano River, we saw the
immense pile of granite rock, which rises perpendicularly to the height of four
or five hundred feet, from a perfectly level valley. It appeared like a mammoth
sugar loaf, (called the Huerfano Butte). Col. Fremont expressed a desire to have
several views of it from different distances…
To make
a daguerreotype view, generally occupied from one to two hours, the principal
part of that time, however, was spent in packing, and reloading the animals.
When we came up to the Butte, Mr. Fuller made barometrical observations at its
base, and also ascended to the top to make observations, in order to ascertain
its exact height. The calculations have not yet been worked out.If a railroad is ever built through this valley, I suggest that an equestrian statue of Col. J. C. Fremont, be placed on the summit of the Huerfano Butte; his right hand pointing to California, the land he conquered.
All of these early explorers who came upon and marveled at Huerfano Butte were productive and well-known citizens of the U. S. One can only wonder about their mindset as they trudged up the river valley and noted the little orphan sticking up out of the plains.
Epilogue
Carvalho became seriously ill and left the
Fremont party in Parowan, Utah and then traveled to Salt Lake City. While
in Salt Lake, he became a popular portrait artist with subjects including
Brigham Young, authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,
and other Utah notables.In 1857, Carvalho went on a peace mission with Brigham Young to central Utah and provided prints for such Native Americans such as Wakra, Indian Chief. His daguerreotypes are the basis for book plates, oil paintings, and wood block prints. Carvalho authored Adventures in the Far West (1857), a book containing his reflections on Mormon culture.
John Charles Fremont served with distinction in the Mexican-American War and the U. S. Civil War ( attained the rank of Major General), mapped part of the upper Midwest, lead five exploring/surveying expeditions to the American West, served as the Military Governor of California, the U. S. Senator from California, and the Territorial Governor of Arizona. In addition, he was the first presidential candidate of the newly formed Republican Party (losing to James Buchanan).
F. V. Hayden was a surgeon and Chief Medical Officer of the Army of the Shenandoah in the U. S. Civil War. He became the geologist-in-charge of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories and mapped vast areas of the American West. Perhaps he is best remembered for using the photographs of Wm. Henry Jackson to help convince Congress to establish Yellowstone as the Nation’s first national park.
American history is not something dead and over. It is always alive, always growing, always unfinished (John F. Kennedy).
REFERENCES
CITED
Carvalho, S. N., 1856. Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West; with Col. Fremont’s Last Expedition across the Rocky Mountains; Including Three Months’ Residence in Utah, and a Perilous Trip Across the Great American Desert to the Pacific. New York: Derby and Jackson.
Fremont, J. C., 1887, Memoirs of my Life,
1813-1890. Together with a Sketch of the
Life of Sen. Benton by Jesse Benton Fremont.
Chicago: Bedford Clarke.
Penn, B. S., 1995, What’s the Scoop on Huerfano
Butte? [abs.]: American Geophysical
Union Abstracts with Programs.