BLUE QUARTZ: TUCSON 2016

I have taken off from Blog Postings the last month or so to get ready for the BIG event.  The days finally arrived: the opening of the annual Tucson Gem, Mineral and Fossil Shows (TGMFS).  Something like 48 different venues are scattered around town with some running for a couple of days (Gem and Jam Fest) but most operate for a couple of weeks ending the 14^th of February.  Some shows may only have 5-6 vendors; most are larger with  the “really big ones” producing vendors in the “several hundred” category.  A few venues are wholesale only but most are free and open to the public.  Some shows I visited are the “mom and pop” variety (my favorites) run out of sunshades or even open air while others are housed in gigantic permanent “tents” with concrete floors where showcases are common.  Prices range from less than $1 to hundreds of thousands.  In the 22^nd Street Show I saw quartz cabs selling for a couple of bucks while in the next door booth an opal (larger than a nickel but smaller than a quarter) was priced at $185,000.  I poked and sorted and blew dust off boxes looking for elusive mineral specimens priced at $10, or preferably below!  I also was hot on collecting “cheap” (no better word for being frugal): 1) blue minerals, the theme of the main show; and 2) minerals with names I did not recognize—not too hard for an old paleo person!

Part of the large conglomeration of the TGMFS is The 62^nd Annual Tucson Gem and Mineral Show (TGMS) commonly known as the main show ($13 admission fee; parking competitive---ride the shuttle)).  This four-day event was held at the Tucson Convention Center (February 11-14) with the 2016 theme Shades of Blue, Minerals of the World.  More on this later.

This posting, along with several following, will be my attempt at describing some of the venues along with my chase for the elusive cheap minerals.  Even with the many days spent in Tucson, it was impossible, at least for me, to hit all of the 40+ shows.

My first day in Tucson is usually spent checking out the Arizona Mineral and Fossil Show on north Oracle Street (one of the major N-S streets in Tucson leading downtown from the north).  Two of my favorite “mom and pop” dealers are there every year: Rock Deco and JaM’s Rocks.  In addition, there are a number of other dealers present who display some really large specimens---much too large for my collection but enjoyable to browse. 

Jim, the proprietor of JaM's Rocks, is a really great conversationalist and is willing to share information of his yearly trips to Baja California where he collects, and also purchases specimens from local miners.  I was salivating over some of his specimens of boleite; however, they were out of my price range.  

Rock Deco next door is a great place since hunting through the boxes always turns up surprises.  This year I purchased my first specimen of a blue mineral---blue quartz described below-- for the sum of $3.

Madagascar Treasures offers a wide variety of large specimens including the ubiquitous amethyst cathedrals (shown below) from Brazil.

These slabs of petrified wood are amazing--large and heavy.  The best that I could ascertain about their provenance is somewhere in Indonesia. 

Tiger Eye is a semi precious gem that is often used in less expensive rings and pendants.  However, these large thick slabs, collected in western Australia, seem relatively uncommon.  The dinner plate size slabs were priced at ~$17, a good price. 

This is an interesting specimen of a radiolarite, a siliceous chert-like rock with the silica coming from the tests (shells) of microscopic single-celled organisms called radiolarians.  In addition this unit, collected from the Cretaceous rocks of Australia, has been broken and re-cemented--a brecciated radiolarite. 

A specimen of Australian Mookaite quarried (Mooka Creek) from near the radiolarite location in western Australia.  According to the miners this "chalcedonic variety" (as opposed to opalite and chert varieties) is the best for cutting and polishing.  They also believe the chalcedony is secondary silica absorbed into a radiolarite.  The colors are spectacular.

So my find for the day was a specimen of blue quartz collected from the Keystone Traprock Quarry in Cornog, Chester Co., Pennsylvania.  I was uncertain about the blue chromophores coloring the quartz since I remember from my eons-ago mineralogy course that blue was not a natural color found in quartz!  So now what?  Well, just in time for the Show was the publication of Rocks  and Minerals dedicated to “Shades of Blue.”  Skalwold and Bassett (2016), in a fascinating but complex article, noted that “blue quartz has not been found in nature so far, though some types of amethyst can be treated to turn blue…Natural quartz may appear blue due to inclusions of blue minerals”…Blue quartz from Minas Gerais, Brazil, is “colored by inclusions of elbaite, variety indicolite.”

MinDat.org noted that blue quartz "owes its colour to inclusions, commonly of fibrous magnesioriebeckite or crocidolite.  The color may be caused by the color of the included minerals or by Rayleigh scattering of light at microscopic inclusions." 

According to MinDat the Keystone Traprock Quarry is "a crushed stone quarry in Precambrian (Grenville) amphibolite gneiss [a metamorphic rock found at convergent plate boundaries where regional metamorphism created great heat and pressure] within the Honeybrook uplift. The mineral assemblages for which this locality is well known, are the product of alpine cleft type hydrothermal recrystallization ['Alpine-type fissures are cavities that have opened during tectonically caused stretching and bending of the rock. The cavities are entirely enclosed by the surrounding host rock...Alpine-type fissures can only form under special conditions that are not easily met. They form when rocks get folded or sheared at great depths and at relatively high temperatures, between 200° and 600°C. Under these conditions the rocks are still solid, but malleable, so they do not shatter when they get deformed slowly' www.Quartzpage.de]. Operations [at Keystone] started in 1907, but the quarry is now (2014) water filled."

 

Blue Quartz, along with patches of milky quartz and a faint gray smoky quartz, collected from the Keystone Traprock Quarry.  Width ~4.2 cm.

The specimens, like mine, seemed to have been collected in the 1970s or maybe the 1980s.  Most "modern" specimens have come from adjacent drainages and are abraded.  The problem is I cannot definitively identify the source of the blue coloring--what are the inclusions?  However, my best guess comes from information provided by Mark Jacobson (2016) who noted that Star Blue Quartz is the state gemstone of Alabama and comes from metamorphic rocks of the Inner Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces of the Appalachian Mountains.  These Provinces extend into Virginia where the blue color of the quartz is thought (Wise, 1981) related to Rayleigh wave scattering by abundant submicrometer-sized rutile or ilmenite inclusions. Evidently the blue quartz known as Llanite from Texas is also associated with ilmenite and/or rutile (Zolensky and others, 1988). My specimen is a nifty blue specimen and started off my hunt with a "bang"! 

REFERENCES CITED

Jacobson, M.I., 2016, U.S. state gemstones that are blue: Rocks and Minerals, v. 91, no.1. 

   

Skalwold, E.A. and W.A. Bassett, 2016, Blue minerals: exploring cause and effect: Rocks and Minerals, v. 91, no.1. 

Wise, M.A., 1981, Blue quartz in Virginia:  Virginia Minerals, v. 27, no. 2.

Zolensky, M.E., P.J. Sylvester, and J.B. Paces, 1988, Origin and significance of blue coloration in quartz from Llano Rhyolite (Llanite), north-central Llano County, Texas: American Mineralogist, v. 73.     

STROMEYERITE, SILVER AND KEVIN BACON

In doing some research on a previous posting describing the mineral greenockite, my mind started to wander as I began to daydream about the aptly named “six degrees of separation.”  This theory postulates that anyone on the planet can be connected to any other person on the planet through a chain of acquaintances that has no more than five intermediaries (Karinthy, 1929).  The idea is similar to “the friend of a friend of a friend…” and Karinthy wrote: a fascinating game grew out of this discussion. One of us suggested performing the following experiment to prove that the population of the Earth is closer together now than they have ever been before. We should select any person from the 1.5 billion inhabitants of the Earth – anyone, anywhere at all. He bet us that, using no more than five individuals, one of whom is a personal acquaintance, he could contact the selected individual using nothing except the network of personal acquaintances.

By 1961 a wide variety of groups begin to embrace the idea---mathematicians (trying to empirically prove the theory), psychologists (people who consider themselves fortunate cultivate larger networks), computer programmers (punching thousands of those IBM cards trying to write programs explaining the idea), screen writers and especially those pop culture icons---college students!   Three students (in1994) at Albright College (Reading, Pennsylvania) developed a game that morphed into “Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon”---an attempt to link any actor to Kevin Bacon in six connections or less. The Bacon Number of an actor is the number of degrees of separation he or she is from Mr. Bacon. The higher the Bacon Number, the farther away the actor is from Kevin Bacon.

Gabby Hayes 1953.  Public Domain photo courtesy of NBC.

This Bacon Number is an interesting phenomenon!  Readers should go to www.oracleofbacon.org to “play along.”  Some of us of a certain age may remember a character actor by the name of Gabby Hayes, famous as the sidekick of Roy Rogers and for uttering such phrases as "yer durn tootin.”  OK, I plugged Hayes’ name into the Web site and came up with a Bacon Number of 3!  

Gabby Hayes was in:

Man of Conquest (1939) with Ethyl May Halls

Halls was in An Act of Murder (1948) with Eda Reiss Merin

Merin was in Enormous Changes at the Last Minute (1983)

with Kevin Bacon

In later years the Social Networking program of Linkedin used the idea of a friend of a friend of a friend---the relationships.  There are like a gazillion different versions of Karinthy’s original thoughts floating around out there..

Now, I have not succumbed to the short, gray days of winter and lost part of my senses (I use bright natural daylight [5000k] light bulbs).  But, this is a geology Blog so how do minerals correlate with a Bacon Number?  Probably nothing, but I was again wandering the other day and thinking about the obscure relationships between some minerals—maybe I should develop a Werner Number (named for the Father of Mineralogy).  For example, using calcite (CaCo₃) as the center point (the Bacon?) what is the Werner Number of dolomite [(CaMg(CO₃)₂]?  I guess the answer is one since calcite contains calcium as does dolomite.  Well, relating minerals via their chemical content is probably a bad idea---pretty dull. 

OK, what about the relationship of greenockite [CdS], a cadium mineral that was the subject of a recent posting, stromeyerite  [AgCuS] a silver copper sulfide mineral, and eudialyte, an extremely complex silicate  (without Cd or S).  The simple answer for the first two minerals would be the presence of the element sulfur in both minerals.  The interesting answer: the element cadmium was discovered by the chemist Friedrich Stromeyer (Germany) in 1817.  This discovery allowed later scientists to determine of the composition of, and name, greenockite.  In turn, Stromeyer later (1819) named the mineral eudialyte, and, in 1832, the mineral stromeyerite was named to honor the chemist. So, cadmium, greenockite, eudialyte, and stromeyerite all have a relationship to Friedrich Stroymeyer--whoda thought?

 

After writing this little tidbit I decided against the idea of pushing the Werner Number and stick instead to writing about other obscure facts.  But, it was fun while it lasted, and especially when you don’t really need to worry about the ifs, ands and buts!

Life’s short.  Anything could happen, and it usually does, so there’s no point in sitting around thinking about all the ifs, ands and buts.

                   Amy Winehouse

Friedrich Stromeyer (1776-1835) was a German chemist who graduated from the University of Gottingen.  He studied under Dr. Johann Gmelin, Professor of Medicine, Chemistry, Botany and Mineralogy.  A gentleman with a wide range of interests, Gmelin published textbooks in a number of fields including the 13^th Edition of Systema Naturae (Carl Linnaeus) and Natursystem Des Mineralreiches 1778 (Natural System of the Mineral System according to my magic Google translation).  Stromeyer’s co-doctoral adviser was the French professor Louis Nicolas Vauquelin who just happened to be the chemist credited with discovering the elements beryllium and chromium. Great education!

After completing his dissertation (evidently written in Latin: Commentatio Inauguralis Sistens Historiae Vegetabilium Geographicae Specimen: History Inaugural Elevated Ideal Geographic History Vegetables). Stromeyer graduated in 1800 (Philosophiae Dr.) and stayed on at Gottingen to teach in the sciences.  Interestingly, Stromeyer’s first doctoral student was Leopold Gmelin (1812) the son of his doctoral adviser.   

And in another bit of serendipitous discovery, the American Mathematical Society currently maintains a website (www.genealogy.ams.org) entitled Mathematics Genealogy Project---sort of a “Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon” project.  Stromeyer had three doctoral students who had students and advisees who had…..etc.  The end result is that Friedrich Stromeyer has 2149 descendants!  With a little time, and interest, one could figure out the “Bacon Number” of each of these descendants.  Wow.  Learning is fun.

Specimen of massive stromeyerite ~6 cm. width FOV.  Arrows point to areas of blue weathered stromeyerite--se below.  Patches of pyrite and chalcopyrite show up as golden blobs.

Microphotographs of blue stromeyerite from specimen above.  Width FOV ~ 2.5 cm.

OK, back to the minerals.  Several years ago at the Denver Show I picked up a specimen of “stromeyerite, bornite, chalcocite and pyrite” with good provenance data:  “11 stope, 3100 feet level, Campbell mine, Bisbee, Cochise County, Colorado.”  I made the purchase trying to supplement my small collection of less well-known minerals containing silver---stromeyerite is a silver copper sulfide. The specimen is composed of massive stromeyerite that ranges in color and luster from a metallic dark gray weathering to a dark blue to a shiny steel gray on fresh surfaces.  Two of the more distinguishing characteristics, at least for me, were the conchoidal fractures and the softness (~2.5); it is easily “scratchable.”  However, the blue color on weathered surfaces distinguishes it, I think, from similar appearing chalcocite. Although there are patches of iridescent bluish bornite, it is different in appearance from the blue stromeyerite.  There are numerous blobs of chalcopyrite (soft) and pyrite.   A few crystals of calcite were also noted.  According to MinDat, stromeyerite forms in areas of hydrothermal activity where silver replaces copper in bornite.  I believe it also may replace chalcocite, sphalerite and galena.

So that’s the skinny, as far as I know, on stromeyerite.   In Colorado, stromeyerite has been a major source of silver in many mining areas, yet it does not seem to be a “common mineral” as I observe “minerals for sale” websites.

For my part I know nothing with any certainty, but the sight of the stars makes me dream.    Vincent Van Gogh

REFERENCES CITED

Karinthy, Frigyes, 1929, Chain-Links. Translated from Hungarian and annotated by Adam Makkai and Enikö Jankó.