BLACK HILLS: HOMESTAKE GOLD AND SCRIPOPHILY

In my last posting, a somewhat loquacious article, I described a small piece of native silver collected from the famous Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota.  Crystalline silver of any sort is rather rare in rocks of the Black Hills, including the Homestake.  My specimen was collected many decades ago and originally was in the collection of Carroll “Shorty” Withers but later was obtained by Willard Wulff; both gentlemen are famous Colorado micromounters.  Since then I have looked for specimens of Homestake gold; however, two items have held up my search: 1) most of the gold mined from the Homestake, especially in recent decades, was intimately tied up with the parent rock; and 2) the few specimens of “free gold” that I have seen are really, really expensive and often are marked “not for sale.”

So, where was an ole guy like me to find Homestake gold?  Well, believe it or not I was able to purchase several small flakes at the Sanford Museum overlooking the big open pit. According to a Certificate of Authenticity, when the South Mill at Homestake was being decommissioned in 2002, flakes of gold (67 total ounces) were discovered in the bottom of a concrete ditch that was previously used to transfer the ore slurry within the mill.  The surface of these flakes resemble nuggets; however, they were flattened in the stamp mills before taking a ride in the ditch.  Somewhere along the line these flakes were trapped in ditch crevices and Homestake believed the gold was mined as early as 1920.  Now, that is an interesting story, at least to me, but I now have some gold from the Homestake! 

Gold nuggets flattened by the stamp mill at the Homestake Mine.  Width FOV ~1.5 cm.

Up until a few years ago when I met a scripophilist, I really did not understand that a large cadre of people collected stock and bond certificates, especially those associated with western mining companies and railroads.  I actually had a couple of stock certificates stuck away in my cabinet of natural curiosities—picked up at garage sales decades ago.  I simply liked the engraving on the certificates, and the fact that both were associated with mining companies in Utah and Colorado.  Recently I picked up a couple of additional certificates closely associated with Colorado Springs and described all specimens in a posting on 12-06-2015.  I am not about to become a scripophilist since correct pronunciation of the term, and spelling, is difficult for an ole country boy like me used to single syllable words like dog, cat, pig etc.

But since acquiring the gold and silver from the Homestake, I was on the lookout for a certificate associated with the mine.  As far as I can tell, the first certificates, perhaps 500 total, for the Homestake were issued in 1878 and are almost impossible to locate.  By 1879 Homestake stock (HM) was listed on the New York Stock Exchange (the first mining company listed) and remained so until the company was purchased by Barrack Gold Corporation in 2002.  Therefore, HM became the longest listed stock in the history of the Exchange. After the initial issue of about 500 certificates, the company begin printing new design certificates that contained an image of two Native Americans (perhaps Mohawks from the New York area) peering over some rocks at a river, a bridge, a steamboat, and a train---definitely not a scene from the Black Hills.  At first the certificates were printed in black and white; however, at a later date the border and some of the type were colorized and the color varied over the years as did the border design.

Stock certificate Number 12019 from the Homestake Mine, Lead, South Dakota.  Front above with reverse below noting sale of 100 shares.  Perforations indicated certificate was cancelled.

I was not really able to find out much about the price of HM over the 125 years it was listed as a research library containing that sort of information was unavailable.  However, I did notice that HM was one of the top performers during the Bear Market associated with the “Great Depression” of the 1930s.  In October 1929 the stock sold for ~$80 and by the end of 1935 it reached $495 (http://seekingalpha.com).  That is a return of ~520%, and does not include any of the cash dividends paid to stockholders. Goldbugs are still talking about that surge in price as traders attempt to lure consumers into investing in gold stocks or bullion.

I have some difficulty deciphering all of these stock prices but it appears that on November 24, 1937, Mrs. Margaret R. Barker purchased 100 shares of HM at a price of about $350-$500.  It is difficult to determine without accurate historical date but the chart below seems to indicate that price range.

Chart supplied from http://seekingalpha.com.  The high price for HM in 1937 was about $500 per share (upper chart line) while the low was about $350.

Mrs. Barkers certificate was numbered 12019.  Three years later on December 30, 1941 Mrs. Barker sold the stock for $3,400 or $340 per share---see receipt below from Thomson and McKinnon.  The most interesting aspect of this sale receipt is the Stock Transfer Tax stamps affixed—a $4 stamp, three $.25 stamps, and three $.01.  Evidently it cost Mrs. Barker $3.78 to sell her 100 shares of HM.  In reading about the date of the sale I wonder if Mrs. Baker was concerned about stock prices during the ongoing war.  After all it was only three weeks after the onset of World War II.

Receipt showing sale of 100 shares of HM.  Note Stock Transfer Tax stamps.

And finally, I have a receipt showing that 100 shares of HM with the certificate number of 12019 were transferred to Mrs. Florence B. Nessa of Sioux Falls, SD, on January 2, 1942.

Sale of 100 shares receipt dated 1942.

So, old stock certificates (this one is nearly 80 years old) can result in an interesting story including noting the signature of Edward H. Clark, the President of Homestake Mining from 1914-1944, and learning about Stock Transfer Tax stamps..     

SILVER FROM THE BLACK HILLS, SOUTH DAKOTA

I love the back roads of the Black Hills, puttering along looking at the scenery (back side of Mt. Roosevelt north of Lead), checking out the rocks, and just enjoying life.  Hopefully when my knee is "fixed" this fall (second time) I will be able to take the walk to the summit (5690 feet).

The Black Hills of South Dakota remain one of my favorite places to tromp around, camp, collect minerals, visit brew pubs and rock shops, and generally enjoy life.  As noted in numerous other Blogs postings, I started enjoying the Hills during a summer visit in 1964 and this affection affair continued during my two years of graduate school at the University of South Dakota.  Although Vermillion is about as far from the Hills (~400 miles) as you can get and still be in South Dakota, I was able to make numerous trips west with my friends from that part of the state.  You know, in your early 20s distance in a car really didn’t mean much.  Road trip?  Let’s go!  Classes out Friday afternoon and we will be back in town in time for classes Monday morning. I distinctly remember one weekend when we decided to head to the Hills for a bit of cave exploration.  I don’t have the slightest idea of the cave we explored; however, we were staying in Edgemont so I assume it was north of there in the Paleozoic limestone.  Two things stick out in my mind: 1) my buddies were not the really good friends with the land owner as they thought and since I was driving on the way out it was my rear that received the brunt of the chewing.  I took it with a “yes sir” attitude since he also was waiving a gun in the air; 2) I am claustrophobic and certainly will not enter into the dark areas of a cave; therefore, I stayed in front where I could always see the opening.  Well, a couple of the boys got a little confused back in the dark and just as we decided to go for help they appeared with a befuddled mind but physically OK.  That was when I started the drive out of the pasture. 

In summer 1966 I spent weekends chasing rocks in the badlands east of the Hills with periodic forays into the high country.  Since those halcyon days of youth, I have continued my visits by attending professional meetings, camping and fishing in the woods, and in my later years collecting minerals---in contrast to my professional life of collecting vertebrate fossils.  Many of these minerals are documented in Blog postings and several more are in line for the future.

The southern and central Hills certainly have many attractions but most tourists are there to visit Mt. Rushmore (often on their way to Yellowstone) with perhaps side trips to Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument or the Hot Springs Mammoth Site.  Several hundred visitors show up for the late September buffalo roundup in Custer State Park.  In the northern Hills the major attraction seems to be Deadwood where numerous gambling casinos are mining gold from their customers.  In “olden days” gold was produced from streams, small mines or open pits but mostly from the giant Homestake Mine in the town of Lead (pronounced leed, unlike the metallic element produced from galena ore)---located next door to Deadwood.

Ore cars removing ore from an adit at the Homestake Mine.  Not abandoned adits in the wall of the open pit shown below.  Photo taken in 1906 and courtesy of the Library of Congress.

I was able to visit the Homestake once as a student; however, our handlers kept a close rein on us.  As an adult, I always enjoy looking at the open pit from an observation platform in downtown Lead.  Next door to the platform is a small museum with great descriptions and photographs.  If you are in the northern Hills, the Homestake is well worth a visit.

The "open pit" as viewed from the museum in downtown Lead.  The Precambrian Homestake (H) Formation is the gold-bearing unit at the Mine.  The light colored rocks at intrusive rhyolite dikes (r) cutting through the Homestake but "flattening out" as the reach the Cambrian Deadwood Formation (D) above. The dikes are associated with tectonic and igneous activity in the Hills about 55 Ma.  The unconformity, the "missing time," between the Precambrian Homestake Formation and the overlying Cambrian Deadwood Formation represents about 1.5 billion years!    

The Homestake gold mine had a long history after the original claim was filed in 1876.  I use the past tense as gold mining ceased in 2002 when productions costs exceeded any “profits.”  However, the mine did not “die” since in 2007 the National Science Foundation begin funding the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory.  However, in 2010 the Foundation dropped its sponsorship but in 2011 the Department of Energy, along with the South Dakota Science and Technology Authority, agreed to fund research and give management authority to the famed Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory although the facility is known as the Sanford laboratory after a major contributor, T. Denny Sanford.  If you want to know more about the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment at the lab, hug your favorite physicist and buy her a cup of coffee and ask for an explanation.  Be prepared for some wild talk!

The Stanford Visitor Center housing the museum.

One of the amazing exhibits inside the museum (and difficult to photograph) is a metal representation of the adits, shafts and tunnels of the underground Homestake Mine,

Many readers will know that the original discovery of gold, at least by explorers of European descent, was made by the Custer Expedition of 1874.  There is a very long story about this expedition and the discovery but that is for another time.  Needless to say that the Native American population was not really pleased with the gold seekers migration into the Hills; however, here they came.  First to the Custer area, where placer gold was discovered by the Expedition, and later scattering to various other parts of the Hills.  In late 1875 prospectors leaving the Custer vicinity for “greener pastures” discovered placer gold with decent color in the creeks near the present town of Deadwood and a new rush was on to the northern Hills. A couple of itinerant prospectors, brothers in fact, by the name of Fred and Moses Manuel decided to hunt for the “mother lode” upstream from the placer work.  Both had worked in California as hard rock miners and evidently remembered that the placer gold had to come from upstream in some sort of a vein in the “hard rock.”  In 1876 they filed a claim on their “mother lode” and named it the Homestake Lode.  The boys sold the claim and by 1877 a member of the Hearst family had taken firm control and by 1879 the Homestake Mining Company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange and ultimately became the longest listed stock (HM) in the history of the Exchange.  The company then begin to buy, or take by force, surrounding claims and an empire was built.  Those of us of a certain age remember the year 1974 and the debacle associated with the kidnapping of a descendent of the Homestake riches---Patty Hearst.

The Homestake Mine became the deepest mine in the US, ~8000 feet, the largest single producer of gold (nearly 40 million ounces by 2001) although several mines combined in the Carlin District of Nevada have a larger total production.  In 2000 the Homestake Mining Company announced plans to shut down the Homestake Mine since the ore was very low grade (about a quarter ounce per ton), production costs were high, and the price of gold was low.  In 2001 Homestake Mining was acquired by the Barrack Gold Corporation (trading as ABX and closing at $17.01 on 31 August 16) and HM disappeared from the Big Board.  HM had experienced a monumental fall from ~$5000 per share in 1987 (http://seekingalpha.com/article/234105) to barely over $3 per share in late 2000.

The best accessible description of the geology at the Homestake Mine is found in the Guidebook to Geology of the Black Hills, South Dakota (Lufkin and others, 2009).  The gold-producing rocks at the Homestake are Precambrian in age and metamorphic iron-bearing rocks (BIF, Banded Iron Formation) known as the Homestake Formation. Lufkin and others (2009) noted the possibility of two origins for the gold.  Rye and Rye (1974) presented data that indicated the Homestake Formation was the result of hot springs spewing forth from an ocean floor, perhaps something like the “black smokers” known today. The gold would have been dissolved in a hot aqueous solution and would have been deposited, along with numerous other minerals including the iron and silica, when there was a large-scale change in the solution, perhaps a sharp drop in solution temperature.  DeWitt and others (1995) agreed and stated:  “Most large gold deposits in iron-formation (GDIF) are strata-bound, bed-controlled concentrations of sulfide minerals and gold that were probably formed by syngenetic [occurring at the same time], hot-spring processes during deposition of iron-formation.

[The] Iron-formation and layered, bed-controlled sulfide mineral deposits were deposited on the seafloor under extremely reducing conditions, in an environment that contained abundant organic carbon and iron and variable amounts of sulfur. Gold abundances are highly correlated with either those of pyrrhotite and troilite or with that of arsenopyrite [the case at Homestake], depending on the physical-chemical conditions of hot-spring activity.”

Bachman and Caddey (1990) believed the gold deposition was epigenetic [occurring at a later time], and perhaps due to a later period of metamorphism after deposition of the original BIF.  Gold-bearing solutions would have migrated along shear and fault zones and finally locate in the Homestake Formation.

Whatever the case, the Homestake produced a really large amount of gold, but what about its buddy, silver?  There are numerous publications and stories about the gold from Homestake; however, I have been unable to locate much information about silver from the Mine, or even from the northern Hills.  I know that silver was mined at Homestake for Bachman and Caddey (1990) noted that in the 1980s the Mine produced as much as 300,000 ounces of gold in some years with a ration of gold to silver as 5:1.  That would mean that perhaps ~60,000 ounces of silver was produced each year.  MinDat.org noted that “native Au [gold from Homestake] contains an average of 17% Ag [silver].  DeWitt and others (1995) also gave me the answer in describing the mineral deposits at the Homestake: “Deposits are concentrations of electrum and the sulfide minerals troilite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, and arsenopyrite, and include electrum in carbonate-facies iron-formations, and are mined for gold and silver.”  Electrum is a natural mixture of gold and silver but is normally called by the name of the dominant element---at Homestake that would be gold. So, it appears that the silver at Homestake was produced as a by-product of the gold recovery process. 

The gold in the Homestake Formation is often associated with quartz (Q) and arsenopyrite (A; an iron arsenic sulfide)).  This specimen was acquired many decades ago during a field trip.

Fibrous radial cummingtonite, an amphibole with prismatic to fibrous crystals, translucent,vitreous to waxy, green to brown-green color.  It is a magnesium-dominated silicate  {Mg₂}{Mg₂}(Si₈O₂₂)(OH).  This mineral formed during a metamorphic event when the Homestake and other formations were folded and bent in the Precambrian. Cummingtonite is in solid solution with grunerite, a mineral where iron replaces the magnesium.  Therefore, this specimen is probably an intermediate between pure iron and pure magnesium. It was randomly "picked up" decades ago. Width FOV ~1.0 cm.

What got me started on this little project about the Homestake is that one of the micromounts purchased at the Willard Wulff estate sale [see previous Blog posting 7-28-16) is a small specimen of native silver crystals labeled “Homestake Mine, So. Dakota.”  Originally the specimen was in the collection of “C. Withers.”  That would be Carroll “Shorty” Withers, a prominent Colorado micromounter who was inducted into the Micromounters Hall of Fame in1981, the same year that he died.

So, a specimen of native silver does not seem like a big deal.  For example, thousands have been collected from numerous localities in Colorado such as Creede and Leadville.  However, I have not been able to locate photos or references to silver crystals from the Homestake.  I suppose most miners were interested in bringing native gold up in their lunch boxes, or perhaps virtually all silver was tied up with gold in electrum.  At any rate, the specimen interested both Withers and Wulff. 

---and now me.

Silver crystals.  Length ~1.6 cm.

REFERENCES CITED

Bachman, R.L., and S.W. Caddey, 1990, The Homestake iron-formation-hosted gold deposit, Lead; Road log for surface tour, in Paterson, C.J., and Lisenbee, A.L., eds., Metallogeny of gold in the Black Hills, South Dakota: Society of Economic Geologists Guidebook Series, v. 7.

DeWitt, E., W.D. Heran, and M. D, Kleinkopf, 1995, Stratabound Au in iron-formations (Model 36b; Berger, 1986) in Preliminary Compilation of Descriptive Geoenvironmental Mineral Deposit Models, E.A. du Bray, ed.: United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-0831. 

Lufkin, J.L., J.A. Redden, A.L. Lisenbee and T. Loomis, 2009, Guidebook to the Geology of the Black Hills, South Dakota: Golden Publishers, Golden, CO. 

Rye, D.M., and R.O. Rye, 1974, Homestake Gold Mine, South Dakota; 1. Stable isotope studies: Economic Geology, v. 69.

HOMESTAKE POWER: REALLY BIG STUFF

The following taken from: www.nevada-outback-gems.com/Gold_rush_history/South_Dakota/S_Dakota10.htm

 

 The celebrated Corliss engine, of three hundred horse-power, shipped from Providence, R. I., is the largest ever brought into the territories. It weighs eighty-nine thousand pounds, and has two flywheels fifty-six feet in circumference. The cylinder is twenty-six by twenty-eight inches, and the arm attached to the fly-wheel, weighs eight thousand six hundred pounds. The engine is set in the centre of one end of the building, and rests on eleven stones laid in hydraulic cement. These stones weigh eighteen thousand pounds each. Two line shafts on each side of the building have Walden & Mason's patent friction pulleys to drive the stamps. The great benefit of the patent friction pulleys is, that each ten stamps of the mill can be stopped by means of friction, the shoes being thrown in or out of gear by a lever without interfering with the motion of the mill. Three of Blake's largest size rock breakers are set in the top of the mill, so arranged that the rock when partially crushed passes to twenty-four of Hendy's patent self-feeders, placed in the rear of the stamps. The mortars are lined with copper and have improved screens. The stamps weigh eight hundred pounds each. The Hendy concentrator is a new feature in this part of the country. There are twenty-four of these placed at the end of each plate, so that, as a battery or plate, it is saved by the concentrator. The tailings coming from the plates are run into the concentrator, which acts upon the same principle as we would pan out dirt by hand. This is only needed when the pyrite or sulfides of iron contain gold, as quicksilver will not act upon pyrites of iron. The machinery weighs over one million pounds, and the belting used weighs over three tons. The mill cost two hundred thousand dollars.

The hoisting machinery consists of two twelve by twenty-four engines of seventy-five horse-power, which are capable of raising two tons four hundred feet per minute; two reels for hoisting, supplied with a steel wire cable which will sink the shaft to a depth of one thousand feet. This cable is a most powerful and costly one, being two and three-fourths of an inch in diameter, weighing one pound and a quarter to the foot. Added to this is a six-inch drawing and lifting pump, with five-feet stroke, having a capacity of five thousand gallons per hour.

KÖTTIGITE (ARSENATE), UMLAUTS AND BEAUTY

Life is full of beauty. Notice it. Notice the bumble bee, the small child, and the smiling faces. Smell the rain, [see the small minerals]and feel the wind. Live your life to the fullest potential, and fight for your dreams. Ashley Smith

The arsenates are perhaps my favorite group of minerals, and along with the phosphates and vanadates, have received several postings in my Blog (i.e. copper arsenate: olivenite and clinoclase and cornwallite; and copper, zinc arsenate: austinite; cobalt arsenate: erythrite; lead arsenate: mimetite; nickel arsenate: annabergite).  In these three groups arsenic (As) or phosphorous (P) or vanadium (V) combine with oxygen (O) to from the arsenate (AsO₄), phosphate (PO₄) and vanadate (VO₄) radicals.  Each of these radicals, with a negative charge of ^3-  then combines with a positive charged cation metal(s) and often with water (H₂O) or hydroxide (OH) to form a wide variety of minerals.  Since the three radicals are approximately the same size they often substitute for one another in a solid solution series.  For example, pyromorphite [lead phosphate [Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl] is in solid solution with mimetite [lead arsenate Pb₅(AsO₄)₃Cl].  The latter mineral is usually a pale yellow to yellow-brown color while pyromorphite is usually green to yellow-green in color; however, intermediate stages in the solid solution series are known (from work with XRD or EDS or other gizmos).  Each of these radical groups may also combine with a variety of metals that often form solid solution series with each other.  For example, erythrite [cobalt arsenate] is in a complete solid solution series with annabergite [nickel arsenate] as the cobalt cation substitutes for the nickel cation: Co₃(AsO₄)₂-8(H₂0) to Ni₃(AsO₄)₂-8(H₂0). Therefore, it is easy to understand the wide range, number and variety of arsenate, phosphate and vanadate minerals when so many combinations of cations and radicals are possible.

Many arsenate—phosphate—vanadate minerals are bright in color, have easily observable crystals and are widely available at mineral shows.  Therefore, I am a sucker, actually a buyer, whenever these minerals are located at shows (if the price is right)!

The 13 July 2015 Blog Posting described pink erythrite (cobalt arsenate) and green annabergite (nickel arsenate) and noted that a zinc arsenate mineral called köttigite is the zinc analogue [Zn₃(AsO₄)₂-H₂O] of both minerals. Therefore, I have been on the lookout for this fairly rare mineral and was delighted when I was able to pick up three small specimens at $1 each (a great price) collected from the Mina Ojuela, Mapimí, Durango, México.  Moore and Megaw (2003) described the Ojuela Mine as Mexico’s greatest mineral locality with 117 species known from the deposit including the world's finest adamite (in a gorgeous array of colors and habits), legrandite, kottigite/parasymplesite, and paradamite, as well as superb specimens of scorodite, hemimorphite, plattnerite, aurichalcite, rosasite, fluorite, calcite, wulfenite and other species. Mina Ojuela is also the type locality for paradamite, lotharmeyerite, metakottigite, mapimite and ojuelaite, and the co-type locality for scrutinvite.  The area was first mined by Spanish invaders in 1598 and was commercially mined for 350 years.  Today a few specimen miners still haunt the drifts and adits.

Bob Jones, one of my heroes in the world of minerals, noted in his 2011 book entitled The Frugal Collector that “of all the species from the Ojuela mine, perhaps the least eye-appealing is köttigite, which is a relatively dull blue-gray mineral.”  Hero or not, I do not agree with Bob’s opinion! I consider my three specimens as quite appealing and beautiful with very nice sprays of prismatic crystals.

 

Spray of köttigite crystals showing a distinct color variation from bottom (blue-gray) to top (clear).  This variation may be due to the amount of iron replacing zinc.  The S is water-clear selenite gypsum.  The ? are probably larger crystals of  köttigite while the “yellow” mass is unknown. Photomicrograph width FOV ~1.5 cm.

The dark blue-gray center spray of köttigite is very iron rich while a smaller spray to the left has rather clear crystals.  The S is selenite gypsum while the G is goethite.  Photomicrograph width FOV is ~1.5 cm.

Mixed color spray of köttigite and water-clear selenite gypsum (S) and goethite (G).  Width FOV ~1 cm.  

Köttigite, according to MinDat, should have colorless crystals but due substituting chromophores it shows a variety of colors ranging from red to red-orange to brown to rose pink to gray to gray blue (and probably more).  The prismatic crystals have a silky to waxy luster, are soft (2.5-3.0), are flexible and are transparent to translucent.  The mineral may also appear as encrusting rather than forming nice prismatic crystals.

Köttigite is formed in the oxidized zone of polymineral ore deposits by the alteration of primary hypogene minerals skutterudite [CoAs₂] and sphalerite [ZnS]. Köttigite is the zinc analogue of, and in solid solution with, erythrite (cobalt arsenate) and parasymplesite (iron arsenate).  In fact, as köttigite obtains more and more iron the crystals become gray to light green to blue to greenish black and as I understand the situation, it is almost impossible to visually distinguish between köttigite and parasymplesite in many/most specimens.  Therefore, some technical journals use a hyphenated mineral name unless a chemical analysis has been completed. In addition, köttigite (Monoclinic Crystal System) is a dimorph (same chemical formula but different crystal system) with metaköttigite (Triclinic Crystal System).

I have learned much from this little project, especially about how the swapping of metallic cations and substitutions of the radicals can produce an amazing number of minerals.  But most importantly, I learned how to produce, in WORD, a diacritical mark called an umlaut.  You have all seen an umlaut, those two little dots over a vowel as in köttigite indicating “a partial assimilation to a succeeding sound. Used primarily in German.” If you really want to pronounce köttigite correctly go to www.webmineral.com and type in the name and look for the voice button.

I tried to learn German one time about a decade ago—spent six weeks taking a class in Germany.  This exercise was a tough assignment and about the only actions learned were phrases to order dark beer, sausage and pig knuckles, and bread.  On the final day of class our instructor took us to a nice outdoor café for lunch and we needed to converse with the staff—in German.  OK, I ordered food and beer but what about more conversation?  So with my very limited vocabulary I asked the wait staff if she would like to go dancing on the beach in the moonlight!  That was about the only sentence I could muster except one telling her about my dog and his name.  I think my instructor was humiliated; however, I did receive an extra desert from the staff!

REFERENCES CITED

Moore, T.P. and P.K.M. Megaw, 2003, Famous mineral localities: The Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Durango, Mexico: Mineralogical Record, v. 34, September. As for the beauty of köttigite I like the words of Tadao Ando: you can't really say what is beautiful about a place [mineral], but the image of the place [mineral] will remain vividly with you.