PUCHERITE AND SERPENTINE: LAZARD CAHN

I cannot endure to waste anything so precious as autumnal sunshine by staying in the house.  Nathaniel Hawthorne

                          

Lazard Cahn 1865-1940  

It is always nice to locate minerals that are associated with Lazard Cahn, the Honorary President of the Colorado Springs Mineralogical Society (CSMS).  The Society can trace its origin to November 1936 when 13 individuals met for the purpose of organizing a local mineralogical society.  Lazard Cahn was elected as the Permanent Honorary President; hence, the designation of such on all CSMS publications continuing into the 21^st century.  I note with interest that at the initial meeting the new members spent their time examining micromounts under binocular microscopes.  Evidently the new society was the outgrowth of interest by persons studying microscopic crystals (AKA micromounts) under the instruction of Mr. Cahn (twice per week at his office).  The Society was active early on and by 1939 mineral displays were exhibited throughout Colorado Springs by the Chamber of Commerce. So, when mineral dealer and CSMS member Austin Cockell offered me the two mineral specimens complete with Cahn labels, I was only two happy to snap them up.

In addition to being a Cahn specimen, pucherite [Bi(VO₄)], belongs to the vanadate class of minerals that are related to the arsenates and phosphates. These vanadates contain the element vanadium (5+ oxidation state) plus oxygen (with a 2- charge) arranged in in a tetrahedron where four oxygen ions are at the corners and surround the central vanadium ion.  Each of these tetrahedra then has a charge of 3-. 

In pucherite, the positively charged bismuth (3+) is outside of the tetrahedron and neutralizes the vanadate ion. 

The phosphates [PO₄ ^{- - -}] and the arsenates [AsO₄^{- - -}] ions are of similar size, have the same 3- oxidation state, and often replace and substitute for each other.  Of the three groups, the vanadates are by far the rarest with only carnotite (hydrated potassium uranyl vanadate) and vanadinite (lead chlorite vanadate) being recognizable and somewhat common minerals.

At first glance pucherite may “look like” its more common relative vanadinite. My specimen has the same reddish brown to yellowish brown color; however, the well-defined crystals with sharp angles do not have the hexagonal barrel shape of vanadinite but are tabular to equant and sometimes prismatic.  They have a vitreous to adamantine luster, are fairly soft with a hardness of 4 (Mohs), a distinctive yellow streak, a conchoidal fracture and are transparent to translucent. 

Photomicrographs of submillimeter crystals of pucherite.  Width FOV, from top down, 1.0 cm, 1.1 cm, 1.4 cm, 5 mm.

Cahn’s label describes the collecting locality as “Scheoberg Saxony Pucker mine.” Today we know the mineral was named for, and collected at, the Pucher Shaft, Wolfgang Maaßen Mine field, Schneeberg, Erzgebirgskreis, Saxony, Germany.  MinDat.org noted the area is a polymetallic deposit (Ag-Bi-Co-Ni-U-bearing veins), was worked for silver and bismuth since the 15th century, later for cobalt and, in the 20th century, for uranium. Most of the veins are hydrothermally formed. The rocks in the field are early Paleozoic and late Precambrian metamorphosed igneous and sedimentary rocks that were intruded by late Paleozoic granitic rocks.  All of this tectonic activity was a geologic mountain-building event caused by the collision of Gondwana and Eurasia to form the supercontinent of Pangaea. As for pucherite, it is a rare alteration product of other bismuth minerals in the oxidized zone of hydrothermal ore deposits (MinDat.org). Pucherite (Orthorhombic Crystal System) is also trimorphous (same chemistry but different crystal structure) with clinobisvanite (Monoclinic Crystal System) and dreyerite (Tetragonal Crystal System).

A second Cahn specimen is labeled “Serpentine Big Timber Mont.”  This rock was a little more difficult to pluck out information since: 1) serpentine is not actually a true individual mineral; and 2) I could not find any “serpentine mineral” located/collected/mined from near Big Timber.  But, I will go with what I have. The Dictionary of Geology (2019) describes serpentine as a “family of silicate minerals rich in magnesium and water, derived from low-temperature alteration or metamorphism of the minerals in ultramafic rocks. Rocks made up of serpentine minerals are called serpentinite. Serpentine minerals are light to dark green, commonly varied in hue, and greasy looking; the mineral feels slippery.”  There are about 20 varieties of serpentine that are hydrous magnesium iron phyllosilicate ((Mg, Fe)₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄) minerals,  Many of these minerals are similar to each other and often are very difficult to distinguish between without the use of electronic gizmos.  Various serpentine minerals are mined for magnesium, for a variety of asbestos, and for decorative rock and carving stone (fake jade). 

Serpentine, chrysotile?, Big Timber, Montana.  Width of specimen 7.0 cm.

My best estimate is that the Cahn specimen is a variety called chrysotile [Mg(Si₂O₅)(OH)₄], a serpentine type of asbestos.  There are several asbestos minerals (composed of thin fibers) that are usually classified as either Amphibole Asbestos or Serpentine Asbestos.  The latter includes chrysotile (low temperature) with white curly fibers while antigorite (high temperature) and lizardite (low temperature) have platy habits.  The Cahn specimen has bands of the white curly fibers “emplaced” in a soft (~3 Mohs), very dark green (almost black) mineral with a greasy luster and feel.  There are no visible crystals and the specimen has a massive habit with the white curly fibers emplaced in bands.  

Photomicrographs of above specimen showing "stripes" (each 1 mm or less) of white asbestos fibers. 

Serpentine minerals form by hydration and metamorphism of ultramafic rocks —those igneous and metamorphic rocks with high magnesium and iron content and low silica (such as peridotite, dunite, kimberlite, anorthosite and chromite)--in a process termed serpentization.  This action is usually associated with subduction zones along orogenic belts.

But, I have not solved the location of the Big Timber locality info. 

Lazard Cahn was born in 1865 and died in 1940 in Colorado Springs. His rock and mineral dealership was located in New York City from 1897-~1910 and in his Colorado Springs home at 6 North 8^th St. and office 510-512 Exchange National Bank Building from 1908 until his death.   

 

                                     REFERENCES CITED

Dictionary of Geology, 2019, www.theodora.com/geology/glossarys

Cripple Creek mining leftovers.

Fall has always been my favorite season. The time when everything bursts with its last beauty, as if nature had been saving up all year for the grand finale.
              Lauren DeStefano

ADDENDUM:  This is a great time of year , especially in area where one can experience yellow leaves and snow within a 24 hour period.  On October 9 I woke up knowing this was the day for magic. I grabbed a couple of bottles of water, jumped (well more likely boosted myself) in my pickup and headed up the mountains to my favorite small breakfast joint where I beefed up on a giant omelet and hot coffee.  It was then off to Cripple Creek and then back to the Springs via a back (and rough) road road that was built on the bed of the former Colorado Springs and Cripple Creek Railroad.  This winding railroad carried ores from the cripple Creek and Victor mines to the reduction mills in west Colorado Springs.  The road offers gorgeous views of the south flank of Pikes Peak.  The temperature was around 80 degrees.

The Cathedrals on the south flank of Pikes Peak.

The magic continued the next day as temps plummeted to the teens overnight and the win chill was 5 degrees at mid-morning coffee where snow was blowing in sideways from Wyoming.  I don't believe anything touched those flakes from Cheyenne to the Springs.

 

A remaining tunnel on the railroad roadbed.

LÖLLINGITE: AN ARSENIDE FROM THE BLACK HILLS, SOUTH DAKOTA

I continue to be fascinated by minerals containing the element arsenic (As).  The arsenate minerals (arsenic is in a 5+ oxidation state) are those containing the anion AsO₄^{- - -} and are often grouped/studied together with the phosphate minerals [PO₄ ^{- - -}] and the vanadate minerals [VO₄^{- - -}].  Since these three anions are about the same size with the same charge, minus 3, they often replace and substitute for each other and a new mineral is born. I have written many posts about the arsenates and they include a metallic cation plus the AsO₄ anion (and often water or hydroxide) : annabergite (nickel), austenite (copper and zinc), clinoclase (copper), conichalcite (calcite and copper), cornubite (copper), cornwallite (copper), erythrite (cobalt), chenevixite (copper and iron), mimetite (lead), and olivenite (copper).  Examples, annabergite: Ni₃(AsO₄)₂-8H₂O.

The arsenic sulfides minerals are those containing arsenic in a metallic role and cation (As) and often combing with other metal cations, which in turn combine with sulfur (S the anion) to form a sulfide: arsenopyrite (iron), cobaltite (cobalt), enargite (copper), orpiment (arsenic), realgar (arsenic), proustite (silver), tennantite (copper). Examples, enargite: Cu₃AsS_4, and orpiment: As₂S₃.

The arsenide minerals have arsenic (As) as its major anion with a metal as the cation: algodonite (copper), domeykite (copper), nickeline (nickel), skutterudite (cobalt, nickel), löllingite (iron).  Example, nickeline: NiAs

The arsenite minerals are rare since the arsenic has a 3+ oxidation state as it combines with oxygen (2- oxidation state). The resulting anion is usually AsO₃ with an oxidation state of 3-.  Example, ludlockite
PbFe³⁺₄As³⁺₁₀O_22.

So arsenic plus oxygen forms a negative electrical charge and is an anion.  Arsenic plus a metal has a positive electrical charge and therefore is a cation.  Arsenic as a standalone has a positive electrical charge and is a cation. The arsenates are the most common minerals containing arsenic while the arsenides are relatively uncommon, and the arsenites rare.  The arsenic sulfides are somewhere “in-between.”

This fall during a trip to the Black Hills of South Dakota I was able to add an arsenide to my collection, the not-so-common löllingite—iron plus arsenic, FeAs_2.  Again, the iron is the positive cation while the arsenic serves as the negative anion.  Trying to describe löllingite is sort of tough.  It is a shiny, silver-white to steel-gray mineral with a metallic luster, a medium hardness of ~5.0-5.5, has a gray-black streak, is brittle, and has an “almost” conchoidal fracture. It can have significant amounts of nickel and/or cobalt substituting for some of the iron.  It looks similar to arsenopyrite and other arsenides and is often confused with such.  I identified my specimen as löllingite since mineralogists have identified the Bob Ingersoll Mine as home to löllingite (and not arsenopyrite).  In the Black Hills löllingite is found in the various pegmatites associated with the Precambrian Harney Peak Granite while at some other localities it is associated with mesothermal igneous rocks (“medium” temperature and pressure).

Silvery, metallic, massive  löllingite in a matrix of albite (with some iron staining).  Width FOV ~3 cm.

Photomicrograph of a portion of above specimen from Bob Ingersoll Mine.  Width FOV ~ 1.6 cm.

 

Photomicrograph of slightly iridescent löllingite along with non-tarnished löllingite in upper third and a nice (partially covered) gemmy blue elbaite tourmaline (indicolite variety) in lower left corner.  Width FOV ~1.2 cm.

Photomicrograph of very "fresh looking" and silvery
löllingite. Width FOV ~1.0 cm.

 

Very gemmy crystal of blue indicolite variety.  length of crystal ~ 2 mm.

The Bob Ingersoll Mine near Keystone in the Black Hills of South Dakota is one of the better-known mines in the area.  This “fame” is not due to gold or large crystals or ghosts but is because small crystals of elbaite (Tourmaline Group) that are enclosed in muscovite—an interesting situation to say the least.  Several years ago, rockhounds could hike to the mine, or visit a local rock shop and take-home numerous specimens.  This year, during my last visit, I did not see a single specimen available for purchase and a collector told me the mine was off limits!

 

Elbaite crystal encased in muscovite.  Length of crystal ~2.8 cm. Note triangular cross section of a third crystal above.

Nicely striated elbaite crystals weathered out of muscovite matrix. Width FOV ~2.4 cm.

The mineralization at the Ingersoll is found in five zoned pegmatite dikes that were intruded into a quartz-mica schist—all are Precambrian in age. The extracted ores (information from MinDat.org) produced tantalum (tantalite), niobium-rich columbium (columbite), tin (cassiterite), beryllium (beryl), lithium phosphates, feldspar, uranium, and micas (westernmininghistory.com).

 

Cassiterite (black) in matrix of muscovite and albite from Bob Ingersoll Mine.  Width FOV ~4.5 cm.

 

Photomicrograph of mass of cassiterite (8 mm wide) in albite matrix..

Work at the Ingersoll started in the 1880s and ended in the mid-20^th Century.  According to Tom Loomis, on his web site DakotaMatrix.com, the Ingersoll was the discovery site of several large crystals: “About 1915, a large beryl crystal was exposed at the Ingersoll, a nearly perfect hexagon 46 inches across the face. In 1933, another beryl crystal was exposed. This crystal was nine feet high and over eight feet wide and produced 24 tons of ore. A picture of this crystal appeared in the May 1934 issue of Engineering and Mining Journal. Yet another larger crystal was exposed in 1942. This beryl measured 19 feet long and five feet wide on one end and tapered to 19 inches at the other end. Dr. Frank L. Hess of the Rare Minerals Division of the Bureau of Mines during a short reconnaissance trip in September of 1908 to the Black Hills visited the mine and wanted to make a national monument of the crystal (Johnson, 1989). The crystal was eventually mined. The largest crystal of amblygonite was mined at the Ingersoll measuring 28 feet long and six feet in diameter. Blake (1884) reported a 20-inch square by 24-inch long columbite crystal calculated to weigh one ton. Large masses of uraninite have been reported…”

By the way, the trip to the Black Hills was the last part of September when the trees were turning, the bison roaming in the prairies and the smell of frost was in the air.  Life is good.

Lighten up, just enjoy life, smile more, laugh more, and don’t get so worked up about things.      Kenneth Branagh